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LATG > Chapter 17: Anesthesia & Analgesia > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Anesthesia & Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

It is generally recommended to perform a preoperative blood test on rodents

A

False

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2
Q

True or False

All animals should be routinely fasted before anesthesia

A

False

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3
Q

True or False

Guinea pigs should be fasted overnight if endotracheal intubation will be done as part of the surgical procedure

A

True

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4
Q

True or False

An animal’s pulse rate can be determined by monitoring its electrocardiogram

A

True

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5
Q

True or False

For animal’s that undergo long procedures under anesthesia , warm saline bags are the best method to use to prevent hypothermia

A

False

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6
Q

What stage of anesthesia is appropriate for surgical procedures?

A

Stage 3- surgical anesthesia

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7
Q

If fasting rodents is necessary, what characteristic of this group of animals should be taken into consideration to ensure complete fasting?

A

Coprophagy

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8
Q

Which of the following methods can be used to measure the pulse in the various species of laboratory animals?
A- palpating the femoral artery
B- palpating the mandibular artery
C- palpating the heartbeat through the thorax
D- palpating the pulmonary artery

A

A- palpating the femoral artery
B- palpating the mandibular artery
C- palpating the heartbeat through the thorax

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9
Q

Name two parameters used to monitor the respiratory pattern of an anesthetized animal.

A

1- depth of respiration

2- character of respiration (rate and the area of initiation of the breath)

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10
Q

Heating devices used to maintain the body temperature of anesthetized animals should be _____F higher than the animal’s normal body temperature

A

1-2 degrees

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11
Q

The pedal reflex is also called the _________

A

Toe pinch reflex

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12
Q 
Which of the following reflexes would prevent the placement of an endotracheal tube when ketamine is the sole anesthetic agent used?
A- pedal
B- palpebral
C- laryngeal
D- papillary
A

C- laryngeal

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13
Q

What are the three phases of anesthesia administration

A

1- induction
2- maintenance
3- recovery

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the ballon cuff on an endotracheal tube?

A

It seals the trachea around the tube

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15
Q

Which of the following are desirable effects of a preanesthetic treatment?
A- making the animal drowsy
B- calming the animal
C- making the induction of anesthesia smoother
D- decreasing heart rate

A

A- making the animal drowsy
B- calming the animal
C- making the induction of anesthesia smoother

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16
Q

Name two effects of anticholinergics

A

1- prevent a reduction in heart rate

2- prevent an excess production of saliva and respiratory secretions

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17
Q

True or False

Phenothiazine tranquilizers can be used as analgesics

A

False

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18
Q

True or False

Benzodiazepine tranquilizers do not have analgesic properties

A

True

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19
Q

True or False

Barbiturates can provide a short duration or long duration of anesthesia

A

False

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20
Q

True or False

A vaporizer can be used with a variety of inhalant anesthetics

A

False

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21
Q

True or False

The use of ether for anesthesia has been essentially eliminated from veterinary use in the United States

A

True

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22
Q

Name an anesthetic that is commonly administered with xylazine

A

Ketamine

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23
Q

Describe a good way to give an anesthetic “to effect” using the intravenous (IV) route

A

The drug is injected in cautiously and continuously as needed until the desired stage of anesthesia is reached

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24
Q

Yohimbine is an example of what class of drug?

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist

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25
Q

What anesthetic agent has been used in procedures related to transgenic mouse technology but which may require scientific justification and IACUC approval?

A

Nonpharmaceutical grade “Avertin” (tribromoethanol)

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26
Q

Why should rabbits not be treated with atropine as an anticholinergic?

A

Rabbits typically have the enzyme atropinease in their blood which metabolizes atropine

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27
Q 
Dissociative anesthesia is associated with which of the following?
A- excessive salivation
B- catalepsy
C- mild respiratory depression
D- all of the above
A

D- all of the above

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28
Q

Why should neuromuscular blockers not be used as the sole form of anesthesia?

A

Neuromuscular blockers do not induce unconsciousness and do not block pain responses

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29
Q

What color tank does oxygen have?

A

Green

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30
Q

What color tank does nitrous oxide have?

A

Blue

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31
Q

What color tank does medical air have?

A

Yellow

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32
Q

What color tank does carbon dioxide have?

A

Gray

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33
Q

Define “tidal volume.”

A

The amount of air taken into the lungs in one breath

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34
Q

If you anesthetize a 10kg dog using a rebreathing system, what capacity rebreathing bag would you choose?

A

1 liter

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35
Q

True or False

Ceiling exhaust fans are not a good way to remove WAGs from rooms in which anesthetic gases are used

A

True

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36
Q

True or False

Nonrebreathing systems produce only a small amount of WAGs

A

False

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37
Q

True or False

The function of the cuff of the endotracheal tube is to allow the gas to flow through around the tube and exit into the room air

A

False

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38
Q

True or False

Opioids are narcotics

A

True

39
Q 
Which of the following must be used in conjunction with neuromuscular blockers during surgical procedures?
A- an anesthetic agent
B- a ventilator
C- a pulse oximeter
D- a dissociative agent
A

A- an anesthetic agent

B- a ventilator

40
Q

What are the two basic types of analgesics used in laboratory animal science?

A

1- opioids

2- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

41
Q 
Which of the following drugs are NSAIDS?
A- carprofen
B- buoivicaine
C- flunixin
D- fentanyl
A

A- carprofen

C- flunixin

42
Q

True or False

Alpha-chloralose should only be used for long procedures that end with the euthanasia of the animal.

A

True

43
Q

Post-anesthetic behavioral changes can persist for up to _____ hours in animals administered dissociative anesthetics

A

24

44
Q

Why should diazepam not be administered by intramuscular (IM) injection?

A

It contains propylene glycol, which can cause pain and irritation when given IM

45
Q

Acepromazine is an example of what kind of tranquilizer?

A

Phenothiazine

46
Q

Which measure is unnecessary when using an open-drop chamber to anesthetize an animal?
A- Continuously monitor the animal through the transparent sides of the chamber
B- Ensure that enough oxygen is delivered to sustain the animal’s metabolic needs
C- Remove the animal when an appropriate depth of anesthesia has been reached
D- Prevent the animal from coming into contact with the liquid anesthetic

A

B- Ensure that enough oxygen is delivered to sustain the animal’s metabolic needs

47
Q 
Which rodent should be fasted overnight if it is to intubated?
A- Guinea pig
B- Gerbil
C- Hamster
D- Mouse
A

A- Guinea pig

48
Q 
What best describes the palpebral reflex?
A- Toe pinch
B- Cough reflex
C- Endotracheal reflex
D- Eye reflex
A

D- Eye reflex

49
Q 
Which statement about propofol is true?
A- It can be given IV, IP, or IM
B- It provides a long recovery period 
C- It is a long-acting anesthetic drug
D- It can be given as a continuous IV infusion
A

D- It can be given as a continuous IV infusion

50
Q 
Which factor is an advantage of barbiturate agents?
A- Rate and ease of recovery
B- Therapeutic index
C- Cost
D- Time to loss of consciousness
A

D- Time to loss of consciousness

51
Q

Which phrase best defines nociceptors?
A- Specialized nerve endings in tissues that transmit signals to the brain
B- Electrical impulses that send information away from a cell body
C- Muscle receptors that detect changes in the length of muscle fibers
D- Specialized structures in tissues that carry out basic processes of growth and repair

A

A- Specialized nerve endings in tissues that transmit signals to the brain

52
Q 
Which of the four stages of anesthesia should be attained before surgery on an animal begins?
A- Stage 2
B- Stage 3
C- Stage 4
D- Stage 1
A

B- Stage 3

53
Q 
When should you replace the soda lime canister in a rebreathing system?
A- When the machine is serviced
B- When the indicator turns black
C- When the indicator turns blue/purple
D-  When the canister is 90 days old
A

C- When the indicator turns blue/purple

54
Q

What procedure should be followed to prevent an unintended recovery from euthanasia when using inhalants?
A- Verify the concentration of the agent
B- Use a higher than normal amount of the agent
C- Confirm death with a secondary method
D- Verify the time of exposure to the agent

A

C- Confirm death with a secondary method

55
Q 
Which drug is often combined with benzodiazepine tranquilizers to induce a dissociative state and provide pain relief and sedation?
A- Ketamine
B- Chlorpromazine
C- Xylazine
D- Yohimbine
A

A- Ketamine

56
Q 
In which species does the administration of morphine frequently induce vomiting and defecation?
A- Cats
B- Rats
C- Dogs
D- mice
A

C- Dogs

57
Q

Which characteristic does not apply to morphine?
A- It has sedative properties
B- It is an analgesic
C- It causes an increase in respiratory rate
D- It may cause convulsions in cats

A

C- It causes an increase in respiratory rate

58
Q 
Heating devices used to maintain the body temperature of anesthetized animals should be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the animal’s normal body temperature.
A- 1-2 degrees lower than
B- 1-2 degrees higher than
C- 3-4 degrees higher than
D- the same as
A

B- 1-2 degrees higher than

59
Q 
What is the US color code for oxygen hoses and fixtures?
A- Blue
B- Gray
C- Yellow
D- Green
A

D- Green

60
Q

What is a characteristic of the respiratory pattern of surgical anesthesia?
A- Abdominal respiration’s
B- Deep breaths alternating with shallow breaths
C- Shallow breathing
D- Breathing initiated in the thoracic-abdominal area

A

D- Breathing initiated in the thoracic-abdominal area

61
Q 
Which absorbent is used to fill canisters that are part of rebreathing anesthesia systems to avoid the generation of a toxic compound when sevoflurane is used?
A- Alumina silicate
B- Sodium polyacrylate
C- Sodium hydroxide
D- Calcium chloride
A

D- Calcium chloride

62
Q

How do you recover an animal that was anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate?
A- Allow the drug to evaporate from the water
B- Immerse in untreated water
C- Add an antagonist to the water
D- Ass an antihypnotic to the water

A

B- Immerse in untreated water

63
Q

Why are ketamine injections administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous routes painful?
A- It causes intestinal ileus when given via these routes
B- It requires a large volume for effect
C- It causes loss of muscle control
D- The solution pH is irritating

A

D- The solution pH is irritating

64
Q 
Which drug is a dissociative agent?
A- Diazepam
B- Tricaine methanesulfonate
C- Ketamine
D- Xylazine
A

C- Ketamine

65
Q 
Which reflex is maintained if ketamine is the sole anesthetic agent used?
A- Palpebral
B- Laryngeal
C- Pedal
D- Papillary
A

B- Laryngeal

66
Q 
Which term would you use to describe the effect of a combination of phenothiazine tranquilizer and an anesthetic?
A- Synergistic
B- Antagonistic
C- Additive
D- Potentiated
A

C- Additive

67
Q

Why is alpha-chloralose used in experiments on animal physiology?
A- It does not depress the respiratory or cardiovascular systems
B- It has no side effects
C- It has a long duration of effect
D- It requires minimal monitoring

A

A- It does not depress the respiratory or cardiovascular systems

68
Q 
What does an ultrasonic Doppler flow detector measure?
A- Brain wave activity
B- Blood pressure
C- Respiratory rate
D- Pulse
A

B- Blood pressure

69
Q 
When using rebreathing anesthesia systems, which of the following reaches the animal’s lungs?
A- A mixture of fresh and anesthetic gas
B- Only the anesthetic gas
C- A mixture of fresh and exhaled gases
D- Only fresh air
A

C- A mixture of fresh and exhaled gases

70
Q

Why is it generally unnecessary to fast rodents and rabbits prior to anesthesia?
A- They don’t have a vomiting reflex
B- They eat such small quantities of food
C- Their lungs are too small to be affected by any food that is vomited
D- The anesthesia doesn’t allow them to regurgitate food

A

A- They don’t have a vomiting reflex

71
Q 
Which type of drug is a reversal agent?
A- Agonist
B- Dissociative
C- Antagonist
D- Anticholinergic
A

C- Antagonist

72
Q 
Which opioid is available as a transdermal patch?
A- Nalorphine
B- Fetanyl
C- Oxymorphone
D- Morphine
A

B- fetanyl

73
Q

Which statement is true of non breathing systems?
A- A carbon dioxide absorbent must be used
B- No vaporizer is used in the system
C- They produce large amount of WAGs
D- They are used for animals weighing more than 5 kg

A

C- They produce large amount of WAGs

74
Q

An anesthetic log should be kept for each animal. How often should vital parameters be recorded?
A- Every 5-10 minutes
B- At 5 minute intervals
C- At the beginning and the end of the procedure
D- About every 30 minutes

A

A- Every 5-10 minutes

75
Q 
Which of these animal groups generally do not need to be routinely fasted before anesthesia?
A- Pigs
B- Cats
C- Dogs
D- Rabbits
A

D- Rabbits

76
Q 
Where is the desired concentration of anesthetic gas set in a rebreathing system?
A- At the flow meter
B- At the pressure reducing valve
C- At the dial on the vaporizer
D- At the top of the tank of gas
A

C- At the dial on the vaporizer

77
Q

What is one precaution that must be considered when using urethane as an anesthetic agent?
A- It must be used with protective equipment
B- It must be given with a sedative
C- It can only be used in survival surgeries
D- It must be used only when only a short duration of anesthesia is required

A

A- It must be used with protective equipment

78
Q 
Xylazine is which type a drug?
A- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
B- Anticholinergic
C- Phenothiazine tranquilizer
D- Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist
A

A- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

79
Q

Which of the following is a requirement for endotracheal intubation?
A- It must be performed with a rigid tube
B- The animal must already be anesthetized
C- The animal must weigh at least 300 grams
D- It must be used only with rebreathing systems

A

B- The animal must already be anesthetized

80
Q 
In which group does acetylpromazine belong?
A- Barbiturates
B- Phenothlazine tranquilizers
C- Anticholinergics
D- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
A

B- Phenothlazone tranquilizers

81
Q 
Approximately how often is an assisted ventilation breath done during prolonged anesthesia to prevent problems in lung function?
A- Every 5 minutes
B- Every 3 minutes
C- Every 10 minutes
D- Once every minute
A

C- Every 10 minutes

82
Q 
Which drug can be used to reverse the effects of Xylazine?
A- Atipamezole
B- Acepromazine
C- Dexmedetomidine
D- Yohimbine
A

D- Yohimbine

83
Q

What is the most common side effect of NSAIDs?
A- Depression of respiration
B- Drop in blood pressure
C- Gastrointestinal irritation
D- Burning sensation at the site of injection

A

C- Gastrointestinal irritation

84
Q 
Which is NOT a function of anticholinergic drugs?
A- Reduce salivation
B- Block acetylcholine
C- Reduce respiratory secretions
D- Decrease heart rate
A

D- Decrease heart rate

85
Q 
What is the tidal volume for most laboratory animals?
A- 2-5 ml/kg
B- 10-12 ml/kg
C- 25-30 ml/kg
D- 15-20 ml/kg
A

D- 15-20 ml/kg

86
Q 
Atropine and glycopyrrolate are which type of drugs?
A- Tranquilizers and sedatives
B- Anticholinergics
C- Barbiturates
D- Narcotics
A

B- Anticholinergics

87
Q 
Which is NOT an acceptable reason for using a local anesthetic?
A- Production of a nerve block
B- Immobilization of an animal
C- Aid for endotracheal intubation
D- Additional analgesia during recovery
A

B- Immobilization of an animal

88
Q 
Which part of a rebreathing anesthesia system relieves excessive pressure in the circuit?
A- Pressure gauge
B- Flow meter
C- Expiratory valve
D- Pop-off valve
A

D- Pop-off valve

89
Q 
A non-rebreathing system is used for animals of what weight range?
A- Over 10 kg
B- 8-10 kg
C- 5-8 kg
D- Less than 5 kg
A

D- Less than 5 kg

90
Q

Why should ketamine be given in combination with a tranquilizer or sedative?
A- To provide muscle relaxation and prevent seizures
B- To extend the period of surgical anesthesia
C- To prevent the animal from awakening too soon
D- To enhance the anesthetic effect of ketamine

A

A- To provide muscle relaxation and prevent seizures

91
Q 
Yohimbine is which type of drug?
A- Phenothiazine tranquilizer
B- Anticholinergic
C- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
D- Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist
A

D- Aphasia-2 adrenergic antagonist

92
Q 
Which device provides a measure of an animal’s pulse rate?
A- Precision arteriometer
B- Doppler detector
C- Flow meter
D- Pulse oximeter
A

D- Pulse oximeter

93
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of an anesthesia induction chamber?
A- A perforated false bottom and an anesthetic-soaked cotton ball beneath
B- Inlet and outlet ports connected to an anesthesia machine
C- Apparatus that converts liquid anesthetic to a vapor for controlled delivery
D- A pressurized tank holding a compressed liquid for anesthesia

A

B- Inlet and outlet ports connected to an anesthesia machine

94
Q 
What route of administration is normally used with tricaine methanesulfonate?
A- Injection
B- Oral
C- Immersion
D- Inhalation
A

C- Immersion

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