Chapter 17: Anesthesia & Analgesia Flashcards by Lori Akin

True or False

It is generally recommended to perform a preoperative blood test on rodents

False

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True or False

All animals should be routinely fasted before anesthesia

False

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True or False

Guinea pigs should be fasted overnight if endotracheal intubation will be done as part of the surgical procedure

True

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True or False

An animal’s pulse rate can be determined by monitoring its electrocardiogram

True

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True or False

For animal’s that undergo long procedures under anesthesia , warm saline bags are the best method to use to prevent hypothermia

False

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What stage of anesthesia is appropriate for surgical procedures?

Stage 3- surgical anesthesia

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If fasting rodents is necessary, what characteristic of this group of animals should be taken into consideration to ensure complete fasting?

Coprophagy

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Which of the following methods can be used to measure the pulse in the various species of laboratory animals?
A- palpating the femoral artery
B- palpating the mandibular artery
C- palpating the heartbeat through the thorax
D- palpating the pulmonary artery

A- palpating the femoral artery
B- palpating the mandibular artery
C- palpating the heartbeat through the thorax

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Name two parameters used to monitor the respiratory pattern of an anesthetized animal.

1- depth of respiration

2- character of respiration (rate and the area of initiation of the breath)

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Heating devices used to maintain the body temperature of anesthetized animals should be _____F higher than the animal’s normal body temperature

1-2 degrees

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The pedal reflex is also called the _________

Toe pinch reflex

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Which of the following reflexes would prevent the placement of an endotracheal tube when ketamine is the sole anesthetic agent used?
A- pedal
B- palpebral
C- laryngeal
D- papillary

C- laryngeal

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What are the three phases of anesthesia administration

1- induction
2- maintenance
3- recovery

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What is the purpose of the ballon cuff on an endotracheal tube?

It seals the trachea around the tube

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Which of the following are desirable effects of a preanesthetic treatment?
A- making the animal drowsy
B- calming the animal
C- making the induction of anesthesia smoother
D- decreasing heart rate

A- making the animal drowsy
B- calming the animal
C- making the induction of anesthesia smoother

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Name two effects of anticholinergics

1- prevent a reduction in heart rate

2- prevent an excess production of saliva and respiratory secretions

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True or False

Phenothiazine tranquilizers can be used as analgesics

False

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True or False

Benzodiazepine tranquilizers do not have analgesic properties

True

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True or False

Barbiturates can provide a short duration or long duration of anesthesia

False

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True or False

A vaporizer can be used with a variety of inhalant anesthetics

False

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True or False

The use of ether for anesthesia has been essentially eliminated from veterinary use in the United States

True

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Name an anesthetic that is commonly administered with xylazine

Ketamine

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Describe a good way to give an anesthetic “to effect” using the intravenous (IV) route

The drug is injected in cautiously and continuously as needed until the desired stage of anesthesia is reached

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Yohimbine is an example of what class of drug?

Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist

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What anesthetic agent has been used in procedures related to transgenic mouse technology but which may require scientific justification and IACUC approval?

Nonpharmaceutical grade “Avertin” (tribromoethanol)

Why should rabbits not be treated with atropine as an anticholinergic?

Rabbits typically have the enzyme atropinease in their blood which metabolizes atropine

``` Dissociative anesthesia is associated with which of the following? A- excessive salivation B- catalepsy C- mild respiratory depression D- all of the above ```

D- all of the above

Why should neuromuscular blockers not be used as the sole form of anesthesia?

Neuromuscular blockers do not induce unconsciousness and do not block pain responses

What color tank does oxygen have?

Green

What color tank does nitrous oxide have?

Blue

What color tank does medical air have?

Yellow

What color tank does carbon dioxide have?

Gray

Define “tidal volume.”

The amount of air taken into the lungs in one breath

If you anesthetize a 10kg dog using a rebreathing system, what capacity rebreathing bag would you choose?

1 liter

True or False Ceiling exhaust fans are not a good way to remove WAGs from rooms in which anesthetic gases are used

True

True or False Nonrebreathing systems produce only a small amount of WAGs

False

True or False The function of the cuff of the endotracheal tube is to allow the gas to flow through around the tube and exit into the room air

False

True or False Opioids are narcotics

True

``` Which of the following must be used in conjunction with neuromuscular blockers during surgical procedures? A- an anesthetic agent B- a ventilator C- a pulse oximeter D- a dissociative agent ```

A- an anesthetic agent | B- a ventilator

What are the two basic types of analgesics used in laboratory animal science?

1- opioids | 2- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

``` Which of the following drugs are NSAIDS? A- carprofen B- buoivicaine C- flunixin D- fentanyl ```

A- carprofen | C- flunixin

True or False Alpha-chloralose should only be used for long procedures that end with the euthanasia of the animal.

True

Post-anesthetic behavioral changes can persist for up to _____ hours in animals administered dissociative anesthetics

Why should diazepam not be administered by intramuscular (IM) injection?

It contains propylene glycol, which can cause pain and irritation when given IM

Acepromazine is an example of what kind of tranquilizer?

Phenothiazine

Which measure is unnecessary when using an open-drop chamber to anesthetize an animal? A- Continuously monitor the animal through the transparent sides of the chamber B- Ensure that enough oxygen is delivered to sustain the animal’s metabolic needs C- Remove the animal when an appropriate depth of anesthesia has been reached D- Prevent the animal from coming into contact with the liquid anesthetic

B- Ensure that enough oxygen is delivered to sustain the animal’s metabolic needs

``` Which rodent should be fasted overnight if it is to intubated? A- Guinea pig B- Gerbil C- Hamster D- Mouse ```

A- Guinea pig

``` What best describes the palpebral reflex? A- Toe pinch B- Cough reflex C- Endotracheal reflex D- Eye reflex ```

D- Eye reflex

``` Which statement about propofol is true? A- It can be given IV, IP, or IM B- It provides a long recovery period C- It is a long-acting anesthetic drug D- It can be given as a continuous IV infusion ```

D- It can be given as a continuous IV infusion

``` Which factor is an advantage of barbiturate agents? A- Rate and ease of recovery B- Therapeutic index C- Cost D- Time to loss of consciousness ```

D- Time to loss of consciousness

Which phrase best defines nociceptors? A- Specialized nerve endings in tissues that transmit signals to the brain B- Electrical impulses that send information away from a cell body C- Muscle receptors that detect changes in the length of muscle fibers D- Specialized structures in tissues that carry out basic processes of growth and repair

A- Specialized nerve endings in tissues that transmit signals to the brain

``` Which of the four stages of anesthesia should be attained before surgery on an animal begins? A- Stage 2 B- Stage 3 C- Stage 4 D- Stage 1 ```

B- Stage 3

``` When should you replace the soda lime canister in a rebreathing system? A- When the machine is serviced B- When the indicator turns black C- When the indicator turns blue/purple D- When the canister is 90 days old ```

C- When the indicator turns blue/purple

What procedure should be followed to prevent an unintended recovery from euthanasia when using inhalants? A- Verify the concentration of the agent B- Use a higher than normal amount of the agent C- Confirm death with a secondary method D- Verify the time of exposure to the agent

C- Confirm death with a secondary method

``` Which drug is often combined with benzodiazepine tranquilizers to induce a dissociative state and provide pain relief and sedation? A- Ketamine B- Chlorpromazine C- Xylazine D- Yohimbine ```

A- Ketamine

``` In which species does the administration of morphine frequently induce vomiting and defecation? A- Cats B- Rats C- Dogs D- mice ```

C- Dogs

Which characteristic does not apply to morphine? A- It has sedative properties B- It is an analgesic C- It causes an increase in respiratory rate D- It may cause convulsions in cats

C- It causes an increase in respiratory rate

``` Heating devices used to maintain the body temperature of anesthetized animals should be ____________ the animal’s normal body temperature. A- 1-2 degrees lower than B- 1-2 degrees higher than C- 3-4 degrees higher than D- the same as ```

B- 1-2 degrees higher than

``` What is the US color code for oxygen hoses and fixtures? A- Blue B- Gray C- Yellow D- Green ```

D- Green

What is a characteristic of the respiratory pattern of surgical anesthesia? A- Abdominal respiration’s B- Deep breaths alternating with shallow breaths C- Shallow breathing D- Breathing initiated in the thoracic-abdominal area

D- Breathing initiated in the thoracic-abdominal area

``` Which absorbent is used to fill canisters that are part of rebreathing anesthesia systems to avoid the generation of a toxic compound when sevoflurane is used? A- Alumina silicate B- Sodium polyacrylate C- Sodium hydroxide D- Calcium chloride ```

D- Calcium chloride

How do you recover an animal that was anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate? A- Allow the drug to evaporate from the water B- Immerse in untreated water C- Add an antagonist to the water D- Ass an antihypnotic to the water

B- Immerse in untreated water

Why are ketamine injections administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous routes painful? A- It causes intestinal ileus when given via these routes B- It requires a large volume for effect C- It causes loss of muscle control D- The solution pH is irritating

D- The solution pH is irritating

``` Which drug is a dissociative agent? A- Diazepam B- Tricaine methanesulfonate C- Ketamine D- Xylazine ```

C- Ketamine

``` Which reflex is maintained if ketamine is the sole anesthetic agent used? A- Palpebral B- Laryngeal C- Pedal D- Papillary ```

B- Laryngeal

``` Which term would you use to describe the effect of a combination of phenothiazine tranquilizer and an anesthetic? A- Synergistic B- Antagonistic C- Additive D- Potentiated ```

C- Additive

Why is alpha-chloralose used in experiments on animal physiology? A- It does not depress the respiratory or cardiovascular systems B- It has no side effects C- It has a long duration of effect D- It requires minimal monitoring

A- It does not depress the respiratory or cardiovascular systems

``` What does an ultrasonic Doppler flow detector measure? A- Brain wave activity B- Blood pressure C- Respiratory rate D- Pulse ```

B- Blood pressure

``` When using rebreathing anesthesia systems, which of the following reaches the animal’s lungs? A- A mixture of fresh and anesthetic gas B- Only the anesthetic gas C- A mixture of fresh and exhaled gases D- Only fresh air ```

C- A mixture of fresh and exhaled gases

Why is it generally unnecessary to fast rodents and rabbits prior to anesthesia? A- They don’t have a vomiting reflex B- They eat such small quantities of food C- Their lungs are too small to be affected by any food that is vomited D- The anesthesia doesn’t allow them to regurgitate food

A- They don’t have a vomiting reflex

``` Which type of drug is a reversal agent? A- Agonist B- Dissociative C- Antagonist D- Anticholinergic ```

C- Antagonist

``` Which opioid is available as a transdermal patch? A- Nalorphine B- Fetanyl C- Oxymorphone D- Morphine ```

B- fetanyl

Which statement is true of non breathing systems? A- A carbon dioxide absorbent must be used B- No vaporizer is used in the system C- They produce large amount of WAGs D- They are used for animals weighing more than 5 kg

C- They produce large amount of WAGs

An anesthetic log should be kept for each animal. How often should vital parameters be recorded? A- Every 5-10 minutes B- At 5 minute intervals C- At the beginning and the end of the procedure D- About every 30 minutes

A- Every 5-10 minutes

``` Which of these animal groups generally do not need to be routinely fasted before anesthesia? A- Pigs B- Cats C- Dogs D- Rabbits ```

D- Rabbits

``` Where is the desired concentration of anesthetic gas set in a rebreathing system? A- At the flow meter B- At the pressure reducing valve C- At the dial on the vaporizer D- At the top of the tank of gas ```

C- At the dial on the vaporizer

What is one precaution that must be considered when using urethane as an anesthetic agent? A- It must be used with protective equipment B- It must be given with a sedative C- It can only be used in survival surgeries D- It must be used only when only a short duration of anesthesia is required

A- It must be used with protective equipment

``` Xylazine is which type a drug? A- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist B- Anticholinergic C- Phenothiazine tranquilizer D- Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist ```

A- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

Which of the following is a requirement for endotracheal intubation? A- It must be performed with a rigid tube B- The animal must already be anesthetized C- The animal must weigh at least 300 grams D- It must be used only with rebreathing systems

B- The animal must already be anesthetized

``` In which group does acetylpromazine belong? A- Barbiturates B- Phenothlazine tranquilizers C- Anticholinergics D- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists ```

B- Phenothlazone tranquilizers

``` Approximately how often is an assisted ventilation breath done during prolonged anesthesia to prevent problems in lung function? A- Every 5 minutes B- Every 3 minutes C- Every 10 minutes D- Once every minute ```

C- Every 10 minutes

``` Which drug can be used to reverse the effects of Xylazine? A- Atipamezole B- Acepromazine C- Dexmedetomidine D- Yohimbine ```

D- Yohimbine

What is the most common side effect of NSAIDs? A- Depression of respiration B- Drop in blood pressure C- Gastrointestinal irritation D- Burning sensation at the site of injection

C- Gastrointestinal irritation

``` Which is NOT a function of anticholinergic drugs? A- Reduce salivation B- Block acetylcholine C- Reduce respiratory secretions D- Decrease heart rate ```

D- Decrease heart rate

``` What is the tidal volume for most laboratory animals? A- 2-5 ml/kg B- 10-12 ml/kg C- 25-30 ml/kg D- 15-20 ml/kg ```

D- 15-20 ml/kg

``` Atropine and glycopyrrolate are which type of drugs? A- Tranquilizers and sedatives B- Anticholinergics C- Barbiturates D- Narcotics ```

B- Anticholinergics

``` Which is NOT an acceptable reason for using a local anesthetic? A- Production of a nerve block B- Immobilization of an animal C- Aid for endotracheal intubation D- Additional analgesia during recovery ```

B- Immobilization of an animal

``` Which part of a rebreathing anesthesia system relieves excessive pressure in the circuit? A- Pressure gauge B- Flow meter C- Expiratory valve D- Pop-off valve ```

D- Pop-off valve

``` A non-rebreathing system is used for animals of what weight range? A- Over 10 kg B- 8-10 kg C- 5-8 kg D- Less than 5 kg ```

D- Less than 5 kg

Why should ketamine be given in combination with a tranquilizer or sedative? A- To provide muscle relaxation and prevent seizures B- To extend the period of surgical anesthesia C- To prevent the animal from awakening too soon D- To enhance the anesthetic effect of ketamine

A- To provide muscle relaxation and prevent seizures

``` Yohimbine is which type of drug? A- Phenothiazine tranquilizer B- Anticholinergic C- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist D- Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist ```

D- Aphasia-2 adrenergic antagonist

``` Which device provides a measure of an animal’s pulse rate? A- Precision arteriometer B- Doppler detector C- Flow meter D- Pulse oximeter ```

D- Pulse oximeter

Which of the following is a characteristic of an anesthesia induction chamber? A- A perforated false bottom and an anesthetic-soaked cotton ball beneath B- Inlet and outlet ports connected to an anesthesia machine C- Apparatus that converts liquid anesthetic to a vapor for controlled delivery D- A pressurized tank holding a compressed liquid for anesthesia

B- Inlet and outlet ports connected to an anesthesia machine

``` What route of administration is normally used with tricaine methanesulfonate? A- Injection B- Oral C- Immersion D- Inhalation ```

C- Immersion