Chapter 9 class (exam3) - Ellen

Question 1

Reproductive Effort

Answer 1

Energy expended and risk taken for breeding

Question 2

K-Selected Species

Answer 2

o K = Carrying capacity of environment
o Population usually at or near K
o Adapted to stable environments favoring small numbers of young that get extensive care and have low mortality
 Thinking more about quality as opposed to quantity of off spring

Question 3

Iteroparity:

Answer 3

Tend to have young at intervals
 Emphasis on quality of offspring, not quantity
o Intraspecific competition tends to be great
o Typically have home range or territory
o Tend to have larger body size, slower development, longer life span
 This is the category you would typically find humans in

Question 4

r-Selected Species

Answer 4

o r = Reproductive rate of population
 Adapted to fluctuation environments
 High reproduction rates – quantity, not quality
• Not much care given to them

Question 5

Semelparity

Answer 5

Tend to have young all at once (aka, big liters)
 Tend to have rapid development, small body size, little parent care
• Tends to be influenced by environment and type of predators – high mortality rate for offspring

Question 6

Sexual selection

Answer 6

A form of natural selection that favors the evolution of elaborate traits, and preferences for them by the opposite sex, if they increase the mating success of both genders
 Example of fruit flies: female reproductive success does not increase with number of mates, while that of males does

Question 7

Isogamy

Answer 7

All gametes are the same size – microorganisms, fungi, algae

Question 8

Anisogamy

Answer 8

Gametes have different sizes – most plants and animals

Question 9

Batemans’s Principle (or Reproductive Skew)

Answer 9

Males who mate more often have more offspring

Question 10

Sex Role Reversals

Answer 10

in respect to which sex competes for mates and which does the choosing

Question 11

Intrasexual Competition

Answer 11

one sex (usually female) is valuable resource for the other, which competes for access

Question 12

Intersexual (epigamic) Selection

Answer 12

one sex is selective about mates, putting selection pressure on the other

Question 13

• Sexual Dimorphism –

Answer 13

Differences in genders

o Males tend to be bigger (have bigger wrists, tend to be taller, ??,)

Question 14

• Baboons

Answer 14

o Females in estrus mate with many males, but only with the dominant males when she is fertile – if there is going to be competition among males, it should be paying off
o If male reproductive success is based on number of eggs fertilized, sexual selection should favor traits which:
 Allow copulation with many females
 Increase the chance mates will use his sperm
 Reduce the fitness of other males
• Would have to benefit troublemaker more than other males)

Question 15

Submissive displays and flight are used until:

Answer 15

Probability of Winning X Benefit exceeds probability of Loss X Cost
 p x b > q x c

Question 16

• Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS):

Answer 16

o One which can’t be replaced over evolutionary time by and alternative
 In one case, condition of animal determines this
 In other case, genes are the determining factor

Question 17

• Conditional Strategies:

Answer 17

Available to all and practiced depending on circumstances. Provide reproductive opportunities until circumstances improve. The alternatives are used based on the conditions. They are not genetically based and need not be equally successful – as with satellite behavior and sneak copulations.
o Scorpion flies are an example

Question 18

Alternative Behaviors

Answer 18

Based on genetic differences and are equally fit.
o Example: Coho Salmon: two different types of male – hooknose (take longer to mature) and jack (smaller but mature sooner)
o Example: live in sponges???? – payoff of three different mating strategies is the same

Question 19

Side-blotched Lizard – 3 color morphs

Answer 19

 Orange-throated
 Blue-throated
 Yellow-striped throats

Question 20

Orange-throated Lizard

Answer 20

Aggressive, mate often, large territories, easily defended against other morphs

Question 21

Blue-throated Lizard

Answer 21

Milder temperament, more monogamous, defend small territories, lose conflicts with Orange

Question 22

Yellow-striped throated Lizard

Answer 22

Least aggressive, no territories, resemble female color, sneak copulations, most successful fooling Orange, chased off by blue

Question 23

Three morphs of side-blotched lizard produced by

Answer 23

3 alleles at a singe gene locus

Question 24

Success of different color morphs compared to:

Answer 24

Orange > Blue > Yellow > Orange –> Rock > Scissors > Paper > Rock

Question 25

More about Lizards

Answer 25

Hybrids between the morphs have intermediate behaviors
• Orange males have more testosterone, which affects aggression and throat color
• Population cycle over about 5 years from predominantly blue to orange to yellow to blue

Question 26

Sperm Removal

Answer 26

Penile structures or behavior that remove another male’s sperm
 Sharks use of sea water
 Birds pecking
 Lizards shape

Question 27

Sperm Competition

Answer 27

Increased number, size, speed, cooperation

 One indication of sperm competition is size of male testis

Question 28

Signals

Answer 28

Leaves signals or stimuli like repellant odors to discourage other males (which indicate that female has already mated

Question 29

Blocking

Answer 29

Leave mating plugs or body parts to block female genital opening
 Honeybees: Male leaves genital in female, blocking any chance of other males mating
 Spiders (Particular kind) male dies after copulation and remains there. Female lays eggs on dead body and babies eat it when born

Question 30

Mate Guarding

Answer 30

Drive off other males

Question 31

Intersexual/Epigamic Selection – Female Mate Choice

Answer 31

Reproductive behavior is influenced by female selectivity. To demonstrate that female mate choice is adaptive we must show:

1. Females do not mate randomly
2. Nonrandom mating patterns are not caused by male competition
3. Choosy females secure reproductive advantages

Question 32

• Female Selection Criteria

Answer 32

o Puts selection pressure on males. Criteria include:
 1. Is the male a member of their species?
 2. Fitness of male genes
 3. Value of male parental investment (assuming that the male of this species is involved in this way

Question 33

Male Parental Investment

Answer 33

Relatively rare because it decreases the opportunity to mate with other females. Investment is more likely if:
• 1. Food is hard to get (females need help feeding the babies)
• 2. Predators exist which adults can discourage but babies can’t (need of both parents)
• 3. Receptive females are scarce (thus, better to stay with mate)

Question 34

Testing Male Genetic Quality

Answer 34

•	Appearance
	- Fluctuating Asymmetry
•	Nuptial Gifts
•	Territorial Resources 
•	Female Incitation
•	In species with greater male care, they may be most selective and females compete

Question 35

Appearance

Answer 35

Color, courtship vigor, etc.

Question 36

Fluctuating Asymmetry

Answer 36

Deviation from bilateral symmetry (study across cultures of humans shows preference for symmetry – where both sides of face and body are similar without huge variance)

Question 37

Nuptial Gifts

Answer 37

Gifts of food or prey

Question 38

Territorial Resources

Answer 38

Quality of territorial resources

Question 39

Female Incitation

Answer 39

Females signal males to compete

 Female seals have loud vocalization which attracts males??

Question 40

In species with greater male care, they may be

Answer 40

most selective and females compete

Question 41

(Female Preferences)

Good Genes Hypothesis:

Answer 41

Male characteristics signal quality of his genes and offspring he will sire

Question 42

(Female Preferences)

• Healthy Mate Hypothesis:

Answer 42

Male courtship and appearance signal parasite load. Females avoid males who might transmit parasites to them or their offspring

Question 43

(Female Preferences)

• Immunocompetence Hypothesis:

Answer 43

Male features (smell) signal immune system gene similarity.

Question 44

(Female Preferences)

• Runaway Selection Hypothesis (R. A. Fisher):

Answer 44

A male signal important to the female becomes more and more pronounced until negative selection occurs due to limited survival ability. Female preference male characteristic evolve together.
 Trait and preference are selective together (trait isn’t always beneficial to survival)
 Female preference and male characteristic evolve together

Question 45

(Female Preferences)

Chase Away Selection Theory:

Answer 45

Males develop characteristic that takes advantage of preexisting female sensory bias to prefer it, attracting mates even if male is inferior
 Selection might then favor female resistance to this feature, causing males to devolve more of it, leading to more useless ornamentation
  Examples of honest signaling: Coloration in species: Brighter colors usually indicate less infestation of parasites. In guppies, orange spot is produced with high nutrition intake, showing health. Larger males are typically more desirable (peacock with tail). Big turkey snood indicates less parasite

Question 46

(Sexual Conflict)

• Infanticide:

Answer 46

Males killing babies or females reabsorbing embryos allows male to mate sooner, female to avoid death of offspring, so both might benefit

Question 47

(Sexual Conflict)

Female Sperm Choice

Answer 47

Females selectively choose sperm after multiple mating

 Perhaps more frequent than we realized in the wild

Question 48

(Sexual Conflict)

• Forced Copulation

Answer 48

Once seen as result of a desirably low threshold of male sexual arousal
 Disadvantageous for female and dominant males
 Behavior on behalf of male is not random – directed towards productive female
 Such males could produce similar successful sons, a female advantage if her daughters are not disadvantaged