Chapter 13 Part 1 Flashcards
collective behaviors
the synchronized movements of individuals following a series of basic interaction rules
interaction is used to describe..
the non-independence between individuals’ movements
what are the four general kinds of social behavior?
mutual benefit, selfishness, altruism, and spite
fitness payoffs
the fitness gain or loss from a social interaction or other behavior
mutual benefit
a type of social behavior when both interacting individuals receive a fitness benefit
selfishness
when the donor benefits from a social interaction but the recipient does not (also referred to as deceit or manipulation)
spite
when neither the donor nor the recipient benefits from a social interaction, but instead both pay a cost
Mutual benefit
donor +/Receiver +
ex. polistes wasps, up to 35% of the females are unrelated to the queen so benefit not from kin-directed altruism but from postponed cooperation and a chance at inheriting the hive following the queen’s demise
ex. relationship between dominant brightly colored lazuli buntings and dull subordinate buntings; the sub often raises extra pair matings which are the result of their mates copulations with the brighter birds
Queuing
a mutually beneficial relationship among dominant and subordinates in a species
ex. alpha and beta manakins; by pairing with an alpha male the beta has a better chance of securing that alpha position following the demise of the alpha
ex. clownfish; queuing with a twist because of the hierarchy found within this species - the breeding female is largest, then the breeding male, the subordinate males. If the female dies the breeding male becomes the breeding female and a subordinate male becomes the breeding male
altruism
rare among non-kin except when potential benefits are postponed
reciprocal altruism
a helpful action that is repaid at a later date by the recipient of the assistance; also known as reciprocity
initial direct fitness cost is less than the delayed direct fitness benefit.
ex. grooming behavior of primates
indirect reciprocity
a form of reciprocity in which a helpful action is repaid at a later date by individuals other than the recipient of assistance
prisoner’s dilemma
a game theory construct in which the fitness payoffs to individuals are set such that mutual cooperation between the players generates a lower return than defection (which occurs when one individuals accepts assistance from the other but does not return the favor)
results in one receiving maximum benefit and one receiving maximum cost
kleptoparasitism
stealing food from an individual that has caught or collected it
form of selfishness
kin recognition
the ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin
animal personality
individual behaviors that are repeatable through time
behavioral syndromes
behavioral consistency within individuals across contexts
influences of personality on fitness
bolder behaviors lead to greater reproductive success but lower survival
exploratory behavior did not influence reproductive success
aggression had only a small effect on reproductive success
cooperative breeding
a social system in which more than two individuals care for young
evolution of cooperative breeding
evolves when social individuals gain sufficient benefits to replace solitary living
kin selection hypothesis
indirect fitness benefits explain why some individuals delay independent breeding and become nonbreeding helpers that aid others to reproduce
group augmentation hypothesis
individuals survive or reproduce better by living in larger groups
ecological constraints hypothesis
when resources required to breed successfully are limiting, individuals will delay dispersal and remain in there natal territory to help raise they relatives
life history hypothesis
specific life history traits, such as high juvenile and adult survival, play a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding by creating as surplus of individuals in a given habitat
benefits-of-philopatry hypothesis
the benefits of delaying dispersal outweigh the costs associated with attempting to disperse and breed independently
temporal variability hypothesis
environmental uncertainty promotes cooperative breeding because having helpers at the nest allows birds to breed successfully under both good and bad conditions
bet-hedging hypothesis
having helpers at the nest reduces environmentally-induced reproductive variance
