Chapter 3 class (exam1) Flashcards
The nature-nurture controversy dealt with
the relative contributions of heredity and environment to behavior
haploid
(n)
one copy of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes (eg. gametes - sperm and eggs)
diploid
(2n)
two copies of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes. somatic cells
alleles
different forms of a single gene (sharing a chromosomal locus)
mitosis
diploid cells, normal cells with sets of two chromosomes and two genes
meiosis
haploid cells, reproductive cells with one chromosome and one gene
you are (a)% related to each of your parents and children and on average (b)% to siblings
(a) 50%
(b) 50%
Hemophilia was typically inherited from your: A. Maternal grandmother B. Maternal grandfather C. Paternal grandmother D. Paternal grandfather
B. Maternal Grandmother
In Seligman’s learning preparedness continuum, the prepared to learn category is best illustrated by which of Garcia’s experimental groups? A. Light and noise followed by shock B. Light and noise followed by nausea C. Saccharin followed by shock D. Saccharin followed by nausea
D. Saccharin followed by nausea
In pleiotropism, an animal shows the
A. Simultaneous effects of both dominant and recessive genes
B. Effects of recessive but not dominant genes
C. Effect of several genes on a one characteristic
D. Effect of one gene on two or more characteristics
D. Effect of one gene on two or more characteristics
Compared to comparative psychology, the study of animal behavior is different in its
A. exclusion of human subjects
B. greater reliance on the experimental method
C. use of the comparative method
D. Use of animal subjects
A. exclusion of human subjects
GENE TRANSMISSION
- Partial or Co-Dominance:
o Two alleles produce a phenotype somewhere between the two types. (ABO Blood types)
GENE TRANSMISSION
- Parental coding (Genomic Imprinting):
o Gene dominance depends on which parent it came from
GENE TRANSMISSION
Epigenetics
gene expression turned on or off by other external or internal factors (mother or own diet, gut bacteria). (Honeybees – workers and queens have same genes, but different genes are active depending on what they were fed as babies.)
GENE TRANSMISSION
recombination
pairs of chromosomes exchange segments
GENE TRANSMISSION
x deactivation
early in female development one of X chromosomes in each cell shuts down, different chromosomes in different cells
why does this happen? makes X genetic material more (complementary?) to a male
Hardy-Winberg Formula
o A panmictic population: each individual has an equal chance to mate with all members of other sex
o The population’s genes are randomly mixed
o Gene frequencies do not change
o Evolution is not occurring at the locus
mutation (rare, small factor)
o Caused by copying errors, environmental or unknown factors. Some may repeat. Each human carries an estimated 2-3 mutations.
gene flow
o Animals added from another population with different gene frequencies
natural selection
o Hardy-Weinberg formula over generations suggests strength
genetic drift
o Sampling error in breeding may produce big effects in small populations
o The founder effect is a special case of drift where a small group moves to an isolated are and may have different gene frequencies
allopatric speciation
A) define
B) Such isolating mechanisms come in two types:
A) Usually involves gene flow interrupted by a physiological barrier leading to physical and/or behavioral divergence preventing mating. (ie.e XXY or XYY)
B)
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms:
occur before zygote formation and are often behavioral
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms:
occur after fertilization, often physical
Adult Male Rat - castrated as adult and treated with testosterone leads to __ behavior
male behavior
Male rat castrated early in life and treated with testosterone as adult
no effect
Male rat treated w testosterone during critical developmental period and again as adult leads to __ behavior
male behavior
Male rat castrated early in life and treated w estrogen/progesterone leads to __ behavior
Female behavior
Adult female rat w/o ovaries treated w testosterone
no effect
Bee behavior - changes result from increased level of ____ ____
juvenile hormone
Genes are composed of DNA made of chains of #_ ____ in varying sequences
four nucleotides A G C T
what are the 4 nucleotides? A G C T [all grass clears thistles]
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
genetic code
nucleotide sequence
gene
DNA segment that codes protein synthesis
DNA > (1) > (2) > (3)
1) mRNA
2) ribosomes - amino acids
3) proteins
epigenesis
gene expression is modified by the environment
DNA is compacted in (1) wrapped around (2) called (3)
1) cell nuclei
2) histone blocks
3) nucleosomes
What can clump up and cover genes
histone blocks
in some cases (1) can permanently alter gene expression by causing (2). This change can be passed (3)
1) experience
2) causing histones to clump up and block transcription of some genes
3) change can be passed to the next generation (and may be undone by later experiences)
Environment can tag ___ and ___
tag genes and turn them on or off.
example: In genetically identical rats, the mother’s diet can cause young to be fat with yellow fur or thin with brown fur
Types of gene-environment interaction
1) P
2) A
3) E
1) passive [Parents can provide genes and environment, so genes and environment correlate, independent of a child’s characteristics (behavior)]
2) active [Kids with different genotypes may select different environments (friends, games)]
3) evocative [Kids with different genotypes may evoke different environments (elicit smile, anger)]
Kin discrimination
Animals learn to identify those they are reared with and then treat them differently. Some go beyond learning and recognize unknown relatives, and smell is often involved.
- Identify relatives they’ve never met – olfaction.
- The genes that are involved in the immune system – they influence protein structure of surface of cells, affecting your personal aroma.
hybridization
Studies of the offspring of different populations of the same species that show behavioral differences
Single gene effects
One gene influences a behavior. Whether they eat in groups or eat by themselves. Another gene influences character in mice
Pleiotropy
one gene affects more than one characteristic
ex: coat color gene influences temperament in rats
Polygeny
several genes influence a single trait (typical)
i.e. how tall corn is. controlling genes that turn others on/off
Neoteny
retention of juvenile traits into adulthood. Stop developing adult characteristics
Paramecia Single Gene Mutations relate to
the speed at which the organism/animal backs up
- Fast backing
- Slow backing
- Paranoic: lengthy backing – keep backing up
- Pawn: no backing (their membranes don’t pass the Ca+ ions)
paranoic
lengthy backing (keep backing up)
Buchart says ___ % of intelligence is inherited?
Other traits are ___ % hereditary?
70%. other traits are about 50%
Vestigial organs - body parts that ___
once had a function but are not useless
Examples of Vestigial organs:
1) A___
2) G___
3) V___
4) W___ __
5) D__ ___
6) T__ __
1) appendix
2) goosebumps
3) vomeronasal organ - pair of structures in the nasal lining or roof of mouth
4) wisdom teeth
5) darwin’s point
6) tail bone
Imprinting
Biased or restricted learning where animals seem predisposed to acquire information in a specific situation
genotype
genes animals possess
phenotype
characteristics (behaviors) exhibited
spatial learning
- species that cache food have better memories than those that do not (squirrels that store acorns, etc.)
- white footed mice learn a 1/4 mile maze with 450 blind alleys in 2-3 days
- Wasp learns location of nest
Conditioning
Learning: a relatively long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience, representing an association between environmental events and behavior.
Classical Conditioning
learning to make a preexisting response to a new stimulus
Instrumental/Operant conditioning
learning a behavior that influences outcomes
Taste - Aversion Learning w/ rats:
degree of avoidance is proportional to
A) illness intensity
B) Taste intensity
C) Food novelty
D) Shortness of time between eating and illness (if they get sick right after eating it, they’ll avoid. if they’ve been eating it for awhile, they’ll keep eating it)
Seligman’s preparedness continuum suggests animals are
1)
2)
3)
1) Prepared to learn some things
2) Unprepared but able to learn some (a lot of learning falls into this)
3) Contra-prepared to learn others – i.e. the None boxes in above table
Essentially: we are set up to learn some things better than others
Vampire bat – they keep eating blood even if they get sick from it – because they only eat blood.
quantitative genetics
- Used to understand evolution of continuously varying traits
- Evaluates relative contribution of genes and environment to population variance in phenotypic traits
Phenotypic variance: (VP)
Sum of variance attributable to genes (VG), environment (VE), and their interaction (VGxE)
VP = VG+VE+VGxE
Inbreeding methods
Produce genetically homogeneous strains or use existing domestic strains to study different genotypes in similar environments
Cross breeding methods
Cross 2 strains, compare hybrid behavior with parent strains.
Backbreeding to a parent strain or crossing hybrids may
clarify genes role
Studies of Related Individuals
Identification of genetic factors in behavior where controlled breeding is impossible (humans)
Artificial selection/selective breeding
Trait extremes inbred in identical environments, progressive trait differences attributed to genetic effects
Gene insertion
insert DNA from one organism into another
DNA Fingerprinting
identify conspecific relatedness
karyotyping
identifies relatedness between individuals or species
Redundancy
mutations may produce little effect on normal development, suggesting the existence of redundant systems.
Reliability
development of structures like nerve connections and behavior is remarkably stable considering each individual has unique genes and experiences
Developmental homeostasis
developmental stability in the face of environmental variation and individual genetic differences
Social experience hypothesis
appropriate social experience is needed for normal behavioral development
(for monkeys even 15 mins a day made them develop social skills)
Developmental Constraint Hypothesis
poor early life conditions can cause problems with physical development and behavior
Predictive Adaptive Response Hypothesis
animals can adapt structure and behavior during their life
Developmental switches
environmental conditions determine which morph or body type develops
