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Comparative Psychology > Chapter 3 class (exam1) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 class (exam1) Flashcards

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1
Q

The nature-nurture controversy dealt with

A

the relative contributions of heredity and environment to behavior

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2
Q

haploid

A

(n)

one copy of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes (eg. gametes - sperm and eggs)

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3
Q

diploid

A

(2n)

two copies of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes. somatic cells

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4
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a single gene (sharing a chromosomal locus)

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5
Q

mitosis

A

diploid cells, normal cells with sets of two chromosomes and two genes

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6
Q

meiosis

A

haploid cells, reproductive cells with one chromosome and one gene

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7
Q

you are (a)% related to each of your parents and children and on average (b)% to siblings

A

(a) 50%

(b) 50%

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8
Q 
Hemophilia was typically inherited from your:
A. Maternal grandmother
B. Maternal grandfather
C. Paternal grandmother
D. Paternal grandfather
A

B. Maternal Grandmother

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9
Q 
In Seligman’s learning preparedness continuum, the prepared to learn category is best illustrated by which of Garcia’s experimental groups? 
A. Light and noise followed by shock
B. Light and noise followed by nausea
C. Saccharin followed by shock
D. Saccharin followed by nausea
A

D. Saccharin followed by nausea

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10
Q

In pleiotropism, an animal shows the
A. Simultaneous effects of both dominant and recessive genes
B. Effects of recessive but not dominant genes
C. Effect of several genes on a one characteristic
D. Effect of one gene on two or more characteristics

A

D. Effect of one gene on two or more characteristics

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11
Q

Compared to comparative psychology, the study of animal behavior is different in its
A. exclusion of human subjects
B. greater reliance on the experimental method
C. use of the comparative method
D. Use of animal subjects

A

A. exclusion of human subjects

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12
Q

GENE TRANSMISSION

- Partial or Co-Dominance:

A

o Two alleles produce a phenotype somewhere between the two types. (ABO Blood types)

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13
Q

GENE TRANSMISSION

- Parental coding (Genomic Imprinting):

A

o Gene dominance depends on which parent it came from

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14
Q

GENE TRANSMISSION

Epigenetics

A

gene expression turned on or off by other external or internal factors (mother or own diet, gut bacteria). (Honeybees – workers and queens have same genes, but different genes are active depending on what they were fed as babies.)

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15
Q

GENE TRANSMISSION

recombination

A

pairs of chromosomes exchange segments

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16
Q

GENE TRANSMISSION

x deactivation

A

early in female development one of X chromosomes in each cell shuts down, different chromosomes in different cells

why does this happen? makes X genetic material more (complementary?) to a male

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17
Q

Hardy-Winberg Formula

A

o A panmictic population: each individual has an equal chance to mate with all members of other sex
o The population’s genes are randomly mixed
o Gene frequencies do not change
o Evolution is not occurring at the locus

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18
Q

mutation (rare, small factor)

A

o Caused by copying errors, environmental or unknown factors. Some may repeat. Each human carries an estimated 2-3 mutations.

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19
Q

gene flow

A

o Animals added from another population with different gene frequencies

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20
Q

natural selection

A

o Hardy-Weinberg formula over generations suggests strength

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21
Q

genetic drift

A

o Sampling error in breeding may produce big effects in small populations
o The founder effect is a special case of drift where a small group moves to an isolated are and may have different gene frequencies

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22
Q

allopatric speciation
A) define
B) Such isolating mechanisms come in two types:

A

A) Usually involves gene flow interrupted by a physiological barrier leading to physical and/or behavioral divergence preventing mating. (ie.e XXY or XYY)
B)
 Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
 Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

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23
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms:

A

occur before zygote formation and are often behavioral

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24
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms:

A

occur after fertilization, often physical

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25
Q

Adult Male Rat - castrated as adult and treated with testosterone leads to __ behavior

A

male behavior

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26
Q

Male rat castrated early in life and treated with testosterone as adult

A

no effect

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27
Q

Male rat treated w testosterone during critical developmental period and again as adult leads to __ behavior

A

male behavior

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28
Q

Male rat castrated early in life and treated w estrogen/progesterone leads to __ behavior

A

Female behavior

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29
Q

Adult female rat w/o ovaries treated w testosterone

A

no effect

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30
Q

Bee behavior - changes result from increased level of ____ ____

A

juvenile hormone

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31
Q

Genes are composed of DNA made of chains of #_ ____ in varying sequences

A 
four nucleotides
A
G
C
T
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32
Q 
what are the 4 nucleotides? 
A
G
C
T
[all grass clears thistles]
A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

33
Q

genetic code

A

nucleotide sequence

34
Q

gene

A

DNA segment that codes protein synthesis

35
Q

DNA > (1) > (2) > (3)

A

1) mRNA
2) ribosomes - amino acids
3) proteins

36
Q

epigenesis

A

gene expression is modified by the environment

37
Q

DNA is compacted in (1) wrapped around (2) called (3)

A

1) cell nuclei
2) histone blocks
3) nucleosomes

38
Q

What can clump up and cover genes

A

histone blocks

39
Q

in some cases (1) can permanently alter gene expression by causing (2). This change can be passed (3)

A

1) experience
2) causing histones to clump up and block transcription of some genes
3) change can be passed to the next generation (and may be undone by later experiences)

40
Q

Environment can tag ___ and ___

A

tag genes and turn them on or off.

example: In genetically identical rats, the mother’s diet can cause young to be fat with yellow fur or thin with brown fur

41
Q

Types of gene-environment interaction

1) P
2) A
3) E

A

1) passive [Parents can provide genes and environment, so genes and environment correlate, independent of a child’s characteristics (behavior)]
2) active [Kids with different genotypes may select different environments (friends, games)]
3) evocative [Kids with different genotypes may evoke different environments (elicit smile, anger)]

42
Q

Kin discrimination

A

Animals learn to identify those they are reared with and then treat them differently. Some go beyond learning and recognize unknown relatives, and smell is often involved.

  • Identify relatives they’ve never met – olfaction.
  • The genes that are involved in the immune system – they influence protein structure of surface of cells, affecting your personal aroma.
43
Q

hybridization

A

Studies of the offspring of different populations of the same species that show behavioral differences

44
Q

Single gene effects

A

One gene influences a behavior. Whether they eat in groups or eat by themselves. Another gene influences character in mice

45
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene affects more than one characteristic

ex: coat color gene influences temperament in rats

46
Q

Polygeny

A

several genes influence a single trait (typical)

i.e. how tall corn is. controlling genes that turn others on/off

47
Q

Neoteny

A

retention of juvenile traits into adulthood. Stop developing adult characteristics

48
Q

Paramecia Single Gene Mutations relate to

A

the speed at which the organism/animal backs up

  • Fast backing
  • Slow backing
  • Paranoic: lengthy backing – keep backing up
  • Pawn: no backing (their membranes don’t pass the Ca+ ions)
49
Q

paranoic

A

lengthy backing (keep backing up)

50
Q

Buchart says ___ % of intelligence is inherited?

Other traits are ___ % hereditary?

A

70%. other traits are about 50%

51
Q

Vestigial organs - body parts that ___

A

once had a function but are not useless

52
Q

Examples of Vestigial organs:

1) A___
2) G___
3) V___
4) W___ __
5) D__ ___
6) T__ __

A

1) appendix
2) goosebumps
3) vomeronasal organ - pair of structures in the nasal lining or roof of mouth
4) wisdom teeth
5) darwin’s point
6) tail bone

53
Q

Imprinting

A

Biased or restricted learning where animals seem predisposed to acquire information in a specific situation

54
Q

genotype

A

genes animals possess

55
Q

phenotype

A

characteristics (behaviors) exhibited

56
Q

spatial learning

A
  • species that cache food have better memories than those that do not (squirrels that store acorns, etc.)
  • white footed mice learn a 1/4 mile maze with 450 blind alleys in 2-3 days
  • Wasp learns location of nest
57
Q

Conditioning

A

Learning: a relatively long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience, representing an association between environmental events and behavior.

58
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning to make a preexisting response to a new stimulus

59
Q

Instrumental/Operant conditioning

A

learning a behavior that influences outcomes

60
Q

Taste - Aversion Learning w/ rats:

degree of avoidance is proportional to

A

A) illness intensity
B) Taste intensity
C) Food novelty
D) Shortness of time between eating and illness (if they get sick right after eating it, they’ll avoid. if they’ve been eating it for awhile, they’ll keep eating it)

61
Q

Seligman’s preparedness continuum suggests animals are
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Prepared to learn some things
2) Unprepared but able to learn some (a lot of learning falls into this)
3) Contra-prepared to learn others – i.e. the None boxes in above table

Essentially: we are set up to learn some things better than others
Vampire bat – they keep eating blood even if they get sick from it – because they only eat blood.

62
Q

quantitative genetics

A
  • Used to understand evolution of continuously varying traits
  • Evaluates relative contribution of genes and environment to population variance in phenotypic traits
63
Q

Phenotypic variance: (VP)

A

Sum of variance attributable to genes (VG), environment (VE), and their interaction (VGxE)
VP = VG+VE+VGxE

64
Q

Inbreeding methods

A

Produce genetically homogeneous strains or use existing domestic strains to study different genotypes in similar environments

65
Q

Cross breeding methods

A

Cross 2 strains, compare hybrid behavior with parent strains.

66
Q

Backbreeding to a parent strain or crossing hybrids may

A

clarify genes role

67
Q

Studies of Related Individuals

A

Identification of genetic factors in behavior where controlled breeding is impossible (humans)

68
Q

Artificial selection/selective breeding

A

Trait extremes inbred in identical environments, progressive trait differences attributed to genetic effects

69
Q

Gene insertion

A

insert DNA from one organism into another

70
Q

DNA Fingerprinting

A

identify conspecific relatedness

71
Q

karyotyping

A

identifies relatedness between individuals or species

72
Q

Redundancy

A

mutations may produce little effect on normal development, suggesting the existence of redundant systems.

73
Q

Reliability

A

development of structures like nerve connections and behavior is remarkably stable considering each individual has unique genes and experiences

74
Q

Developmental homeostasis

A

developmental stability in the face of environmental variation and individual genetic differences

75
Q

Social experience hypothesis

A

appropriate social experience is needed for normal behavioral development

(for monkeys even 15 mins a day made them develop social skills)

76
Q

Developmental Constraint Hypothesis

A

poor early life conditions can cause problems with physical development and behavior

77
Q

Predictive Adaptive Response Hypothesis

A

animals can adapt structure and behavior during their life

78
Q

Developmental switches

A

environmental conditions determine which morph or body type develops

Comparative Psychology (39 decks)

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