Chapter 8 class (exam3) - Chris

Question 1

communication

ways of communicating

Answer 1

can communicate by marking territory - signaling you’re “there” - others will receive the message - olfactory sense.

happens when 1 animal’s actions alter behavior of another - both sender and receiver are benefiting

Question 2

phylogeny

Answer 2

inferred evolutionary history

Question 3

moth blood sucking
it's assumed that the four species that pierce skin to obtain blood descended from
1) 
2)
3)
4)

Answer 3

1) species that ate nectar
2) then ate juice of overripe or opened fruit
3) then soft fruit, followed by hard fruit piercing
4) then drinking animal fluids containing sugar, protein and salt: urine, dung, sweat or blood from wounds

Question 4

Evolution of fly courtship
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Answer 4

1. solitary mating of carnivorous flies
2. males give females prey prior to mating
3. males swarm prior to mating
4. males wrap prey in some silk
5. prey wrapped in lots of silk
6. prey totally wrapped, nutritious juices removed
7. fly goes to nectar eating, a piece of prey remains in balloon
8. balloon is empty

Question 5

spotted hyenas communication system
A) greeting
B) females display
C) Hypothesis: 
D) aggressive dominant females...

Answer 5

A) greet others by sniffing erect penis
B) females display enlarged clitoris much like a penis
C) system is related to aggressive group hunting, food competition
D) Aggressive dominant females get more food and have more offspring. their sons dominate others until they migrate to new bands, often becoming the dominant (only reproducing) male.

Question 6

Hyenas

Increased ___ influences

Answer 6

increased testosterone influences dominance; females w/ higher levels were more aggressive and reproductively successful. Higher hormone levels had the side effect of causing masculine features as intrauterine environment caused development of penis-like clitorises

Question 7

cladograms/phylogenic trees

Answer 7

reconstruct hypothetical evolutionary paths based on traits of related species

Question 8

communication cost/benefit categories

Answer 8

• cooperative (honest) signaling
• deceitful signaling
• incidental signaling (eavesdropping)
• spiteful signaling (rare)

Question 9

cooperative (honest) signaling

Answer 9

positive signaler

positive receiver

Question 10

deceitful signaling

Answer 10

positive for signaler

negative for receiver

Question 11

incidental signaling (eavesdropping)

Answer 11

negative for signaler

positive for receiver

Question 12

spiteful signaling (rare)

Answer 12

negative signaler

negative for receiver

Question 13

types of communication signals

1. s___
2. g___
3. d___
4. g___

Answer 13

1. specific (affects conspecifics. attraction display)
2. general (affects conspecifics and other animals)
3. discrete (on/off)
4. graded (variable intensity or duration)

Question 14

Specific communication signals
A) characteristic
B) Primary function

Answer 14

A) affects conspecifics

B) attraction display

Question 15

General communication signals
A) characteristic
B) Primary function

Answer 15

A) affects conspecifics and other animals

B) alarm signal

Question 16

Discrete communication signals
A) characteristic
B) Primary function

Answer 16

A) on/off

B) sex attraction

Question 17

Graded communication signals
A) characteristic
B) Primary function

Answer 17

A) variable intensity or duration

B) communicate levels of motivation

Question 18

Factors in selecting a signal type
A) E\_\_
B) A\_\_
C) C\_\_
D) E\_\_
E) R\_\_

Answer 18

A) effectiveness in reaching receiver (vision poor at night)
B) amount of information encoded (pheromones in wind are poor)
C) Cost of making a signal
D) Ease with which receiver can get message and find sender (vision good in open)
E) risk of detection by illegitimate receiver

Question 19

Odd communication channels

Answer 19

• wave motion (water spiders)
• electrical fields (some fish)
• ground thumping (rabbit)
• hitting head on tunnel wall (naked mole rat)

Question 20

Common communication channels

Answer 20

• pheromones

- audition and vision

Question 21

pheromone communication channels

Answer 21

usually long chain carbon molecules needing specialized detectors. safe and low cost, BUT dependent on wind.

Question 22

Audition and vision communication channels

Answer 22

generally effective but dangerous in revealing location

Question 23

Environmental factors in communication
A) absorption
B) distortion
C) timing

Answer 23

A) sounds from 1500-2500 hz are not acoustically absorbed in a forest, so birds sing in this range
B) in grassland, wind and thermal currents cause distortion, so birds sing a wide range of frequencies from high perches OR in flight
C) Communication timing can be varied to suit environmental conditions.

Question 24

Bee round dance

Answer 24

done in hive when nectar is good quality and within 50 meters of the hive.
other bees follow dancer, smell and taste nectar and then search near hive.

Question 25

Bee waggle dance - less effort needed

Answer 25

less effort needed = more vigorous dance (conveying distance to go)

Question 26

Distance signaled by (bee waggle dance)
1.
2.
3.

Answer 26

1. number of times dance done/time
2. # of abdomen waggles and length of straight run
3. frequency of sound bursts

Question 27

Direction of food is signaled by what part of the waggle dance

Answer 27

straight run portion of waggle dance

Question 28

A) on a flat surface outside the hive the straight run is aimed …
B) on the vertical inside surface the straight run’s __

Answer 28

A) aimed directly at the food location.

B) deviation from the perpendicular line of gravity equals angle of food from direction of sun.

Question 29

How direction and waggle dance indicates food location:

A) flower patch in direction toward sun - go ___
B) flower patch away from sun = go __

Answer 29

A) go up

B) go down

Question 30

waggle dance also used for __ __ and ___

Answer 30

water sources and new hive sites

Question 31

all honeybees

Answer 31

dance.

3 other species in genus Apis are tropical, 2 act like Honey bees.

Question 32

(a kind of bee) the Florca has a simple nest and ___ waggle dance (instead of ____)

Answer 32

has simple nest and horizontal direction waggle dance NOT vertical

Question 33

horizontal direction waggle dance (instead of vertical) seems an

Answer 33

older behavior, with dance moved to vertical as hives lost horizontal space and (in tropics) sun seems up.

Question 34

more distant relatives have various systems:
A) trigona droryna: what do they do?
B) t. postica: lays p\_\_\_\_
C) genus melipona: 
D) m. panimica

Answer 34

A) dances or moves and hums, gives odor samples (no direction / distance cues)
B) lays pheromone trail every few yards, lead others back
C) gives distance by length sound pulses, direction by short flights followed by going to the food
D) gives auditory signals - both smell and sound seem to signal height (important in tropics) a cue honey bees don’t need

Question 35

distance communication probably evolved

Answer 35

first as excitation to close food

Question 36

direction communication may have begun with

Answer 36

1. excitement, then
2. leading others
3. briefer leading flights
4. dances

Question 37

[Fossil evidence]
A) dinos
B) extinct aquatic insect larva had ___
C) stoneflies have

Answer 37

A) Dinos: not great (fossils) for behavior but we can infer some things from the fossils
B) extinct aquatic insect larva had movable gill plates. if retained in adults, they could work as sails
C) stoneflies have species that sail with six feet on water, partially fly (hind 2 feet on water, wings beating) and fly. Fossil stoneflies have weaker and less complex wings than modern forms

Question 38

[Fossil evidence]

Arboreal birds

Answer 38

first birds climb trees, glide and land on trunks of other trees.

Question 39

[Fossil evidence]

Cursorial (walking) / groundup

Answer 39

first birds walked on hind legs as many dinos did. insect chasing may have led to jumping, gliding, and finally flapping flight

Question 40

[Fossil evidence]

combination (running and flying - birds)

Answer 40

if first birds muscles were reptilian in nature it could have used its running ability and limited wing muscles to fly from ground

Question 41

human bipedalism

Answer 41

walking on 2 feet without use of knuckles

- old tracks suggest prehumans were bipedal but curved toe and finger bones suggest they also lived in trees

Question 42

preexisting traits

Answer 42

existing characteristics that provide information

Question 43

pre-existing bias

Answer 43

sensory exploitation hypothesis says existing sensory prefernces may cause an animal to be pre-disposed to react to particular stimuli that can then develop into signals

Question 44

panda principle (gould) 
the principle of imperfection (darwin)

Answer 44

evolution starts from where you are. the panda’s thumb is a modified wrist bone

Question 45

raven yelling hypothesis
A) attracts larger…
B) attracts others…
C) interlopers…

Answer 45

A) attracts larger predator to open skin of dead animal (problem: but they yell at opened animals)
B) attracts others to dilute predator risk (problem: but one or 2 feeding birds never yell)
C) interlopers on a pairs’ territory attract others to overcome pairs’ defenses (seems correct because only nonresidents in groups greater than 2 yell)

Question 46

production cost

Answer 46

energy needed to produce signal-colored feathers/size

Question 47

maintenance cost

Answer 47

cost to maintain signal - elicited aggression

Question 48

multi modal signals

what signals convey similar information?

Answer 48

• get message out better, but are more costly
• redundant signals convey similar information
• multiple signals may each provide different information

Question 49

signaling
A) benefits
B) costs

Answer 49

A) avoid aggressors, dilution effect, attract mate or parent

B) illegitimate/eavesdropping receivers, predators detect signals

Question 50

receiving
A) benefits
B) costs

Answer 50

A) find food, detect predators, find lost young

B) illegitimate/deceitful senders - predators mimic signals

Question 51

honest communication

Answer 51

in frogs - loud deep lower frequency voice is hard to mimic and usually done by large males