Chapter 13 class (exam4) Flashcards
[Categories of Social Interaction]
What are the effects on personal fitness for the donor and for the recipient?
A) Mutualism/Cooperation (group hunting, predator mobbing)
B) Reciprocity/ Adaptive altruism
(baboons cooperate to separate fertile females from dominant male)
C) Facultative Altruism (temporary loss of direct fitness, helping at nest)
D) Maladaptive (obligate) Altruism (permanent loss of direct fitness, worker bees)
E) Deceit/Manipulation (monkey fake alarm call)
F) Selfish Behavior (stealing food)
G) Spiteful behavior (no good example)
A) Mutualism/Cooperation donor + | recipient +
B) Reciprocity/Adaptive altruism D + (delayed) | R +
C) Facultative Altruism D + | R +
D) Maladaptive Altruism D - | R +
E) Deceit/Manipulation D - | R +
F) Selfish Behavior D + | R -
G) Spiteful behavior D - | R -
Animal Personality
Consistent Individual behaviors repeatable over time
Behavioral Syndromes
Behavioral Tendencies correlated across contexts or situations (aggression both toward predators and conspecifics)
Group Living Benefits:
1) protection from p___ f___
2) p__ defense
3) assistance in dealing with p___
4) assembling s__ s__ for m__
5) interfere with c__ r__
6) chance to m__ with o__ f__
7) subordinates r__ in group for p___
1) protection from physical factors (quail group to survive cold)
2) predator defense (mobbing behavior)
3) assistance in dealing with pathogens (termites share immunity)
4) assembling sexual species for mating (insect mating swarms)
5) interfere with competitor reproduction (lay eggs in others’ nests)
6) chance to mate with other females (extra pair copulations)
7) Subordinates remain in group for protection (nest helpers)
Group Living Benefits:
8) improved f___
9) group d__ of resources
10) division of l___
11) richer l__ e__ for young
12) p___ regulation
13) improved o__ care
8) improved foraging (fish in larger schools find food faster)
9) group defense of resources (blue gills nest in groups)
10) division of labor (eusocial insects)
11) richer learning environment for young (mammals, primates)
12) population regulation (competition limits population)
13) improved offspring care (communal feeding and protection)
Costs of Group Living:
1) increased within g__ c__
2) increased d__ and p__ exposure
3) interference with r___
4) in___
5) increased v__ to p__
6) t__ and e__ dealing with ….
1) increased within group competition
2) increased disease and parasite exposure
3) interference with reproduction
4) inbreeding
5) increased visibility to predators
6) time and energy dealing with more dominant individuals
Cooperative breeding A) bank swallows: larger colonies... B) Belding's Ground Squirrel - females... - males...
A) larger colonies have more parasites and babies grow slower
B) give different alarm calls for bird and ground predators
- females stay w/ territory, males leave.
- females call when relatives are around
- males call when near relatives when young, not when unrelated animals as adults
(they’re picky about who they want to help and who they don’t)
they recognize relatives even if they haven’t seen them before - aroma probably.
Direct Selection Hypothesis worried about you and your offspring 1) p\_\_ c\_\_ 2) p\_\_ d\_\_ 3) r\_\_ a\_\_ 4) p\_\_ c\_\_
1) predator confusion: if someone gives an alarm call all animals run for cover. confuses predator
2) predator deterrence: alarm call tells predator they’ve been spotted so then they have to retreat or attack
3) reciprocal altruism: if you call it’s more risky for you but down the road someone else will call and help you.
4) parental care:
Indirect Selection Hypothesis
helping kinfolks even if it’ll cost you
Turkeys: male brothers …
male brothers form groups at leks and dominant males does most of the breeding. the others profit from indirect selection
Inclusive fitness equation
A + B
A = fitness g__
B = fitness in s___
y= e\_\_ ... o= o\_\_ ... r= coefficient of r\_\_ ... f2= f\_\_ in year .. f1= f\_\_ in year .. s= probability of s_ ... m= probability of f_ ...
A = fitness gains per helping year
= y(extra kin produced)rf1
B = fitness in subsequent = breeding year
= orsmf2
y= extra kin produced by parents o= offspring next year by helpers and delayers r= coefficient of relatedness between male + y+o f2= fitness in 2nd year f1= fitness in 1st year s= probability of surviving another year m= probability of finding a mate next year
Intraspecific Variation
A) definition
B) monkeys
C) lions
A) Social groups form at some times but not others
B) mixed species of monkeys form groups in the morning, noon and afternoon to decrease bites from flies
C) lions form large groups (prides) when large migratory animals are available, hunt in smaller groups or alone when they only have small prey
reproductive suppression
dominant keeps others from mating
