Chapter 4 book (exam2)

Question 1

central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

nerves

Question 3

neural circuits

Answer 3

groups of interconnected neurons that are able to regulate their own activity using a feedback loop

Question 4

nerons

Answer 4

nerve cells

Question 5

tinbergen’s work with gulls

Answer 5

chicks ignore almost everything except the shape of the bill and the red dot at the end of it.
- when gull chick sees pointed object with a contrasting dot at tip, the sensory signals reach the brain, where other neurons eventually generate motor commands that cause the chick to peck at stimulus - whether parent or cardboard on a stick (page 107)

Question 6

• gray lag goose will put anything that looks like

Answer 6

an egg that is outside its nest back in it. Tinbergen and Lorenz conclude that goose must have a perceptual mechanism that is highly sensitive to visual cues provided by egg shaped objects (pg 108)

Question 7

ethology

Answer 7

study of proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behavior is a discipline founded by Tinbergen and Lorenz

Question 8

Instinct

Answer 8

• innate behavior.

- appears fully functional the First time it’s performed.

Question 9

Instinctive behaviors are dependent on

Answer 9

the gene-environment interactions that took place during development (pg 108)

Question 10

sign stimulus

Answer 10

effective component of an action or object that triggers a fixed action pattern in an animal

Question 11

releaser

Answer 11

sign stimulus given by an individual as a social signal to another individual

Question 12

fixed action pattern

Answer 12

an innate, highly stereo-typed response that’s triggered by a well-defined, simple stimulus. once the pattern is activated, the response is performed in its entirety.

Question 13

innate releasing mechanism

Answer 13

a conceptual neural mechanism thought to control an innate response to a sign stimulus

Question 14

codebreaking

Answer 14

ability of species to exploit the FAP’s of other species
(ex: blister larvae evolved to exploit male bee tendency to try to mate with anything that resembles a female (like a larvae cluster) and thereby maximize their chances of developing in a food - rich environment)

Question 15

mouth markings on zebra finches are

Answer 15

sign stimuli that parents use to feed chicks

Question 16

cuckoo and brown headed cow birds must be able to deceive their hosts by

Answer 16

looking and behaving in ways that stimulate adult host to feed them. (codebreaking)
aka brood parasite chicks exploit sensory systems of hosts to ensure they get fed - even if their markings don’t match the host species’ chicks

Question 17

night hunting bats vocalize

Answer 17

ultrasonically using ultrasound frequencies between 20-80 kilohertz (above human hearing range)

Question 18

bats locate food and navigate using

Answer 18

echolocation

Question 19

bat’s sonar is capable of creating

Answer 19

full 3-D images of the world in complete darkness

Question 20

Each moth ear consists of flexible sheet of

Answer 20

cuticle - tympanum. attached to tympanum are two neurons A1 & A2 auditory receptors.

Question 21

action potential

Answer 21

a neural signal that transmits information via a self-regenerating change in membrane electrical charge that travels the length of the nerve cell, sometimes triggering further action potentials in adjacent nerve cells.

Question 22

neurotransmitter

Answer 22

chemical signal that diffuses from one nerve cell to another across a synapse (112)

Question 23

synapse

Answer 23

point of near-contact between one nerve cell and another (112)

Question 24

interneurons

Answer 24

a nerve cell that relays signals either from sensory receptor neurons (touch receptors, odor receptors, light receptors) to the CNS (a sensory interneuron) or from the CNS to neurons commanding muscle cells (motor interneuron)

Question 25

ganglion

Answer 25

neural structure composed of a highly organized mass of neurons

Question 26

moth behavior is a product of

Answer 26

integrated series of chemical and biophysical changes in a network of cells

Question 27

on months, the A1 receptor has

Answer 27

great sensitivity to pulses of ultrasound

Question 28

if the bat is directly behind the moth there is __ fluctuation in neural activity

Answer 28

no fluctuation in neural activity. NOT the case if the bat is above/below/to the side

Question 29

wing muscles on moth are controlled by

Answer 29

thoracic ganglia and allied motor neurons

Question 30

when A1 cells are equally active

Answer 30

the moth is facing in opposite direction from the bat and heading away from danger

Question 31

if bat is within 3 meters moths

Answer 31

employ drastic evasive maneuvers such as wild loops and power dives.

Question 32

A2 receptor (is/is not) necessary to trigger erratic evasive behavior

Answer 32

is not necessary

Question 33

Terminal buzz phase

Answer 33

last 150 milliseconds of a bat attack

Question 34

command centers

Answer 34

neural cluster or integrated set of clusters that has primary responsibility for the control of a particular behavioral activity

Question 35

a mantis’s nervous system sorts out

Answer 35

its options thanks to inhibitory relationships between an assortment of command centers

Question 36

segmental ganglia responsible for

Answer 36

telling the muscles in particular segments to carry out given movements

Question 37

even if a mantis’s head is bitten off his body carries him in a circular path until

Answer 37

he reaches the female - then climbs on her back, twists his abdomen down to copulate competently (pg 119-120)

Question 38

many animals use _____ to find food (120) attract mates, or navigate great distances

Answer 38

UV radiation

Question 39

UV radiation plays a role in navigational abilities of

Answer 39

monarch butterflies

Question 40

Circadian clock

Answer 40

internal osculator modulated by external cues such as sunlight or temperature that regulates physiological processes

Question 41

some animals can use ___ ___ as a compass

Answer 41

polarized light

Question 42

cricket sensory interneurons called (1)

1) plays a key role in ___(2

Answer 42

(1) int-I or ANZ

(2) perception of ultrasound

Question 43

Int-1 cells seem to be part of (1)

it’s necessary and sufficient for (2)

Answer 43

(1) a neural circuit

(2) it’s necessary and sufficient for the apparent bat-evasion response of flying crickets

Question 44

natural selection - predator detection systems ___

Answer 44

have been lost in a few species of moths (pg 126)

Question 45

motor neurons cause

Answer 45

movement to escape predators

Question 46

dorsal flexion neurons (DFN’s) active when

Answer 46

animal bent into a “U”

Question 47

Ventral flexion neurons (VFNs) produces pulse of

Answer 47

action potentials that turn the slug into an inverted “U”

Question 48

Escape reaction of slug - messages relay from

Answer 48

Dorsal Ramp Interneurons (DRI) to
Dorsal Swim Interneurons (DSI) to
Ventral Swim Interneurons (VSI) to
Cerebral Neuron 2 (C2)

Question 49

Central Pattern Generator

Answer 49

group of cells in an organisms nervous system that produces a particular pattern of signals necessary for functional behavioral response

Question 50

Plainfin Midshipman Fish sing or hum songs lasting (a) [how long] in order to (b)

(c) type II males ___ and try to ____

Answer 50

(a) 1 min to 1 hour
(b) attract mates (type I).
(c) type II males grunt and try to sneak in Type 1 territory to fertilize female eggs

Question 51

ability of neurons and neural circuits to ignore (__ out) vast amounts of potential information in order to focus on biologically relevant elements within diverse ___ bombarding an animal

Answer 51

stimulus filtering

Question 52

Examples of stimulus filtering:
A) Moth A1 receptors activated only by __ stimuli
B) Moles can see and smell

Answer 52

A) acoustic

B) they largely ignore visual stimulation even when they can see

Question 53

Moles can collect complex patterns of information about what it encounters underground (and can identify prey) because of

Answer 53

EIMER’s ORGANS - sensory devices.

Moles have 22 fleshy appendages around its nostrils, 11 on each side covered with these sensory devices.

Question 54

Mole appendage 11 referred to as

Answer 54

tactile fovea

Question 55

Mole appendage 11 - __% of decoding dedicated to this (possibly because its right above mouth)

Answer 55

25%

Question 56

Cognition

Answer 56

mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses

Question 57

Cognitive skills evolve in response to

Answer 57

particular selection pressures associated with particular environments - both social and ecological

Question 58

Human life history traits and large brains might be the result of

Answer 58

our ability to collect and use more energy than our closest relatives (137)

Question 59

relationship between brain size and problem solving - bowerbirds

Answer 59

male satin bowerbirds build complicated structures to attract females.
The larger-brained bowerbirds build more complicated the bowers.

Question 60

social brain hypothesis

Answer 60

advanced problem solving and the like evolved in the context of dealing with the obstacles to reproductive success posed by interacting socially with members of one’s own species

Question 61

domestication hypothesis

Answer 61

domesticated animals evolved an inherent sensitivity to human gestures but non-domesticated animals did not.