Chapter 12 Part 2

Question 1

multilevel selection

Answer 1

selection that acts at both the group and the individual levels, originating with genes ad progressing through cells, then organisms, and finally groups of organisms. according to the advocates of this form of selection, at higher levels, populations, multispecies communities, and even whole ecosystems can be subject to selection

Question 2

siphonophores

Answer 2

marine animals including the man of war; represents multilevel selection

each only looks like an individual but is actually a group of individual zooids that have specialized forms and functions and exhibit a division of labor; basically turned simpler organisms into ‘organs’ of a larger ‘individual’

Question 3

haploidy

Answer 3

having one set of the chromosomes, and therefore one copy of each gene

Question 4

parthenogenesis

Answer 4

development from an unfertilized egg

Question 5

haplodiploidy

Answer 5

a sex-determination system in which males develop from an unfertilized egg and are haploid (have one set of chromosomes), whereas females develop from a fertilized egg and are diploid (have two sets of chromosomes)

Question 6

diploidy

Answer 6

having two sets of the chromosomes, and therefore two copies of genes (one from a mother and from a father)

Question 7

diplodiploidy

Answer 7

having two sets of the chromosomes, and therefore two copes of genes

Question 8

Male hymenoptra are:

a) haploid - with two sets of chromosomes - developed from an unfertilized egg
b) diploid - with two sets of chromosomes- developed from a fertilized egg
c) haploid - with one set of chromosomes - developed from an unfertilized egg
d) diploid - with one set of chromosomes - developed from a fertilized egg

Answer 8

c - male hymenoptra are haploid, with one set of chromosomes having been developed through parthenogenesis from an unfertilized egg

Question 9

female hymenoptra are:

a) haploid - with two sets of chromosomes - developed from an unfertilized egg
b) diploid - with two sets of chromosomes- developed from a fertilized egg
c) haploid - with one set of chromosomes - developed from an unfertilized egg
d) diploid - with one set of chromosomes - developed from a fertilized egg

Answer 9

b - female hymenoptra are diploid, with two sets of chromosomes having been developed from a fertilized egg

Question 10

all of the sperm a male makes are genetically (dissimilar/identical) to himself

Answer 10

identical

Question 11

haplodiploidy hypothesis

Answer 11

the relatively higher relatedness of full sisters in haplodiploid populations promotes altruism among siblings and, consequently, the evolution of eusociality

Question 12

hymenoptra females would share ____% genetics with brothers, _____% genetics with sisers, and _____% with any offspring.

Answer 12

25%, 75%, 50%

Question 13

females versus males weight ratio among hymenoptra species of bees =

Answer 13

3:1 investment ratio

Question 14

monogamy hypothesis

Answer 14

lifetime monogamy ensures that siblings are highly related, making obligately sterile workers (those individuals completely incapable of reproducing) and ultimately eusociality more likely to evolve

Question 15

if the monogamy hypothesis is correct, then the species’ __________ should directly affect the likelihood of that species evolving eusociality

Answer 15

mating system

Question 16

what mating system appears to be essential in the evolution of sterile workers in hymenoptra?

Answer 16

monogamy

Question 17

polyandry in species that are eusocial may have evolved because….

Answer 17

disease resistance and worker specialization; however, in all eusocial species that are now polyandrous but used to be monogamous this seems to have evolved after the workforce was sterile, meaning they had no option but to accept less related others than if their queen had been monogamous

Question 18

caste differentiation in eusocial insects appears to have evolved in the (same/different) way(s) in different species

Answer 18

different

Question 19

worker policing

Answer 19

among eusocial insects, when a worker female eats or removes eggs that have been laid by other workers rather than laid by a queen

Question 20

reproductive conflict

Answer 20

conflict among members within a social group over which individuals get to breed, as well as conflict over the resources that individuals need in order to breed

Question 21

reproductive conflict includes:

Answer 21

conflict over who gets to breed and resources needed to breed

Question 22

there is a (positive/negative) association among multi-queen colonies and multiple matings by queens

Answer 22

negative