Chapter 12 class (exam4)

Question 1

Eusocial (caste-forming) Insects

Answer 1

complex social groups, specialized functions, and workers never reproduce, a form of altruism and nest helping

Question 2

A) Darwin (1859)
B) V. C. Wynne-Edwards (1962)
C) William D. Hamilton (1964)

Answer 2

A) Darwin (1859): Individual characteristics competed for selection
B) V. C. Wynne-Edwards (1962): Group selection explained altruism (survival of the species).
C) William D. Hamilton (1964): Individual sacrifice offsets any lost personal reproduction by helping relatives that share the same genes

Question 3

Darwin (1859)

Answer 3

Individual characteristics competed for selection

Question 4

V. C. Wynne-Edwards (1962)

Answer 4

Group selection explained altruism (survival of the species).

Question 5

William D. Hamilton (1964)

Answer 5

Individual sacrifice offsets any lost personal reproduction by helping relatives that share the same genes

Question 6

Direct Selection

Answer 6

Personal Reproduction = personal fitness

Question 7

Indirect Selection

Answer 7

improved reproduction of kin (caused by altruism)

Question 8

inclusive fitness

Answer 8

• direct and indirect selection
• gene propagation in offspring (due to parent action not others help) + nondescendants surviving (due to altruist effort)

Question 9

Original Kin Selection

Answer 9

offspring due to parental care and indirect selection

Question 10

A) r = coefficient of…

B) reflects #…

Answer 10

A) coefficient of relatedness.

B) reflects # of meiotic events separating individuals or probability of possessing an allele by common descent.

Question 11

r = .5

Answer 11

parent-child, sibling

Question 12

r = .25

Answer 12

nephew, neice, half-siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles

Question 13

r = .125

Answer 13

cousins, great grandparents

Question 14

Hamilton’s Rule

Answer 14

to favor altruism, any loss of offspring must be more than offset by the resultant gain in the survival of relatives or:
r * Benefit > Cost
(r * offspring + rkin w/ helping) > (roffspring + r*kin w/o)

Question 15

[controversial] Multi-level Selection (David Sloan Wilson)

Answer 15

A recent variation combining individual and group selection saying that:
o Genes in an individual compete for selection
o Individuals in a group compete
o Groups in a population compete
o Populations compete
o Multispecies communities compete
o Ecosystems compete
o (many different levels of competition being considered here)

Question 16

Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps) genders

A) female:
B) males:

Answer 16

A) diploid, fertilized eggs, duplicate chromosomes

B) haploid, unfertilized eggs, single chromosomes

Question 17

Genetic relatedness in Hymenoptera (vs. normal):

A) father/son (normal, Hymenoptera)
B) Father/daughter
C) mother/son
D) mother/daughter
E) brother/brother
F) brother/sister
G) sister/sister

Answer 17

A) father/son: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 0%
B) Father/daughter: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 50%
C) mother/son: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 50%
D) mother/daughter: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 50%
E) brother/brother: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 50%
F) brother/sister: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 25%
G) sister/sister: normal 50% | Hymenoptera 75% (most closely related)

Question 18

Problems with Haplodiploid Hypothesis

1. termites are..
2. many social insect colonies have…
3. naked mole rats…
4. many eusocial insect queens…

Answer 18

1. Termites are diploid and as social as eusocial Hymenoptera, so haplodiploidy is not essential to the evolution of eusociality. Also, many Hymenoptera are solitary
2. Many social insect colonies have several queens. This greatly increases the variance between workers and female reproductives
3. Naked Mole Rats, diploid mammals, have a “queen” and several kings.
4. Many eusocial insect queens mate more than once, causing greater variance in daughter relatedness. Eusociality evolved 8 different times in Hymenoptera, starting with monogamous queens each time. (Thus, it began with the genetic advantage)

Question 19

Sociogenomic research finds that eusociality and caste developed due to…

Answer 19

Sociogenomic research finds that eusociality and caste developed due to changes in different genes in different species