Chapter 8 book (exam3) - Chris

Question 1

signal

Answer 1

specially evolved message that contains info

Question 2

honest signaling

Answer 2

both sender and receiver obtain a fitness benefit (+/+)

Question 3

deceitful signaling

Answer 3

when a sender uses a specially evolved signal to manipulate the behavior of receiver so that sender receives fitness benefit while receiver pays fitness cost (+/-)

Question 4

eavesdropping

Answer 4

sender pays fitness cost, receiver gets fitness benefit (-/+)

Question 5

cue

Answer 5

incidental transfer of info (unintentional)

Question 6

eavesdropping involves ___ NOT ___

Answer 6

cues NOT signals

Question 7

stable info

Answer 7

species identity, sex, toxicity, etc.

Question 8

info transfer

Answer 8

critical because it can directly influence fitness of both sender and receiver

i.e. honey bee dances done by foragers - and directed toward other workers about food sources

Question 9

dances done by bee foragers:
A) round dance - when?
B) waggle dance - when?

Answer 9

A) round dance = food w/in 50 meters
B) waggle dance = food over 50 meters away.

The longer the dance the farther away the food.

Question 10

Bee waggle dance - how can you tell the direction to the food source?

Answer 10

measure the angle of the waggle run with respect to the verticle.

Bee walks UP the comb - flowers will be found by flying TOWARD sun.

Bee walks DOWN the comb - flowers will be found by flying AWAY from Sun

Question 11

Bee’s directional reference outside the hive

Answer 11

SUN

Question 12

Vervet monkey alarm calls

Answer 12

advanced

Question 13

pre-existing traits hypothesis

Answer 13

Signals evolve through senders pre-existing traits

Question 14

pre-existing bias hypothesis

Answer 14

signals evolve through receivers preexisting biases

Question 15

sensory drive

Answer 15

signals are fine tuned to the environment

Question 16

sensory exploitation

Answer 16

evolution of signals that activate established sensory systems of signal receivers in ways that elicit responses favorable to the signal sender

Question 17

evolution of signals that activate established sensory systems of signal receivers in ways that elicit responses favorable to the signal sender

Answer 17

sensory exploitation

Question 18

signal that mimics the features of environmental stimuli exploits the associated receiver response

ex. light lures used by angler fish mimic bioluminescent prey of other fishes to manipulate those fish to come closer and be eaten

Answer 18

sensory trap

Question 19

What’s this theory called?

traits providing a reproductive advantage become more common in a population over time

Answer 19

Darwin’s theory of descent with modification

Question 20

What’s this hypothesis?
female pseudo-penis develops as a result of the exposure in utero to elevated testosterone

i. e. - pregnant hyenas
- ring tailed lemurs

Answer 20

extraandrogen hypothesis

i. e. pregnant hyenas have higher testosterone levels than lactating hyenas
- ring tailed lemurs have penile clitoris too; females boost concentrations of androgens in their blood at onset of pregnancy
- even when given anti-androgens - hyena daughters still have pseudo penis - just a bit altered

Question 21

panda thumbs are modified wrist bones

Answer 21

“Panda principle” or principle of imperfection

Question 22

Bee dance language could be older than _(a)___ and predate apis genus OR
could be __(b)__ when honeybees __(c)___

Answer 22

A) older than 40 million years

B) 20 million years old when honeybees (C) diverged from other bees

Question 23

Spermatophores

Answer 23

packets of nutrients and sperm

Question 24

hungry female mites are ____ than well fed females

Answer 24

more receptive to male signals

– because males release spermatophores (packets of nutrients and sperm)

Question 25

males wave trembling forelegs in front of females

Answer 25

setting up water vibrations similar to those prey might make.
females catch males and release him unharmed

Question 26

female guppies prefer

Answer 26

males with a particular ratio of 2 pigments (orange and red) not just orange from carotenoid content

Question 27

artificial attributes elicited stronger reactions from females than

Answer 27

natural traits

Question 28

Which came first? Trait or preference?

ex: swordtails (fish)

Answer 28

sensory preference for long tails (fish) must have preceded the evolution of swordtails in some relatives of X. maculatus. where male swordtail plays important role in courtship

Question 29

female preference for abnormal male stimuli could be due to the fact

Answer 29

males are evolving quicker than females

Question 30

female swordtail preference had _____ to do with swords

general preference for…

Answer 30

nothing to do with swords.

general preference for large males rather than sword size. swords help amplify male size.

ancient sensory bias remains unclear

Question 31

what is this hypothesis?
pseudopenis not adaptive per se, but instead developed as a ______ of some other adaptive change that had positive fitness effects that may also have resulted in higher testosterone levels in females

Answer 31

by-product hypothesis

Question 32

what is this hypothesis?

pseudopenis signals subordination or willingness to bond with others

Answer 32

submission hypothesis

Question 33

A) what’s this hypothesis?
pseudopenis promotes formation of cooperative coalitions
B) reasons it’s not supported

Answer 33

A) social bonding hypothesis
B) female spotted hyenas are unusually aggressive
female spotted hyenas use anal gland secretions of other individuals to evaluate social rank

Question 34

Female social rank in spotted hyenas is

Answer 34

extremely important

Question 35

A) dominant hyena females have ___

B) dominant daughters likely to have __

Answer 35

A) higher reproductive success

B) higher fitness

Question 36

A) Researchers suggest the need by mothers in this species to continue to help feed young after weaning led to ____

B) w/ evolution of female hierarchy may have come the evolution of a signal of __ __ - the ___

Answer 36

A) evolution of female dominance

B) social dominance - the pseudo penis

Question 37

A) social bonding requires the willingness of dominant individuals to accept …
B) social cooperation raises…

Answer 37

A) somewhat lower ranking individuals as associates.

B) direct and indirect fitness of the individuals.

Question 38

pseudopenis gives female a great deal of ___

Answer 38

control in selection of sexual partner - could contribute to maintenance of this feature.

Question 39

antler size linked to

Answer 39

body size

Question 40

male European toads can judge size of rival by

Answer 40

acoustic signals

Question 41

some frogs use color as a

Answer 41

warning

Question 42

in frogs male brightness did predict a male’s willingness to

Answer 42

initiate a fight

Question 43

What’s this theory?
male threat displays should be relatively easy for large males to perform and difficult for small, weak or unhealthy males to imitate or cheat

Answer 43

Honest Signal Theory

Question 44

Cost associated with production of an energetically expensive signal

Answer 44

production cost

Question 45

signals that reveal information about individuals size or dominant status. usually not costly to produce but costly to maintain due to social enforcement (maintenance cost)

Answer 45

badges of status

Question 46

dishonest signaling imposes ___ costs

Answer 46

maintenance costs

Question 47

socially enforced signals directly influence both __ and __

Answer 47

reproduction and survival

Question 48

use of multiple traits to signal to the same or different individuals.

i. e.
- red feathers of widow birds used in male-male encounters to establish territories
- females use tail length to make mating decisions

Answer 48

Multimodal signaling

Question 49

A) barn swallow males communicate to males and females using song and red patches on chest. these 2 distinct signaling modalities are an example of ___
B) male son has many repeated notes which is an example of ___

Answer 49

A) pluripotency

B) redundancy

Question 50

what’s this hypothesis?
current environment is sufficiently different from that in which the behavior evolved that there hasn’t been enough time for a species to adapt

Answer 50

novel environment hypothesis

p290 (spiders)

Question 51

what’s this hypothesis?
the maladaptive response of the receiver is caused by a sensory mechanism that may result in fitness LOSSES for some individuals under some circumstances but does not ease the fitness gain that receivers derive on average for reacting to a sender in a particular way

Answer 51

net benefit hypothesis