Chapter 6 book (exam3) - Ellen

Question 1

Foraging Cycle

Answer 1

Searching for, pursuing and handling food resources

Question 2

Optimal Foraging Theory

Answer 2

Makes predictions about how animals will maximize fitness while foraging

Question 3

Energy

Answer 3

The currency used in most optimal foraging models, and energy gain per cost (time or energy spent searching or handling) is what is being optimized

Question 4

Optimal diet models are used to predict…

Answer 4

whether an animal that encounters different prey items should decide to eat what it finds or continue searching for more profitable prey items

Question 5

Optimal Patch Choice Models

Answer 5

choose place to forage vs. specific food

Question 6

Marginal Value Theorem

Answer 6

Predicts that an animal should leave a patch when its rate of food intake in the patch drops below average rate for the habitat

Question 7

Some animals must optimize their ability to encounter food, often by:

Answer 7

changing their speed or direction

Question 8

Crows eating mollusks only chose

Answer 8

large whelks (3.5-4.4 cm) and flew up to about 5 M to drop them. continued to drop one until it cracked

Question 9

Blue whales

Answer 9

gain more energy from foraging than they expend

Question 10

Individuals with highest daily net caloric gain

Answer 10

survived best and reproduced sooner and produced more offspring than their compatriots

Question 11

Female crossbills can tell a successful…

Answer 11

male forager and will choose the successful ones to mate

Question 12

Oystercatchers should focus on large oysters because of grater caloric gain vs. small one but…

Answer 12

In reality, they don’t prefer large ones because Oystercatchers sometimes find prey impossible to open. They prefer 30-45mm muscles. The larger ones are also covered with barnacles, which makes them impossible to open
- New data shows that Oystercatcher appear to forage optimally

Question 13

Predators shape the evolution of…

Answer 13

animals foraging behavior

Question 14

If faced with sudden death, we’de expect foragers to sacrifice short-term _____ with long-term ____

Answer 14

caloric gain

servival

Question 15

Landscape of Fear

Answer 15

The spatially explicit elicitation of fear in prey the perceived risk of predation
- Ex: Elk in are with wolves eat 25% less than those without wolves. They are making trade-offs between reproduction and their own survival
Ex: Zebras on/near grass patch is lower if lions spotted there the same day. Also reduce use of grassland and night when lions usually hunt
Ex. African WIld Dogs avoid contact with lions and avoid areas heavily used by them. It moves the dogs to a deciduous woodland where rates of are 2/3 percent lower
- Landscape and fear have long-standing implications for the behavior in prey animals including foraging, movement, and group behavior

Question 16

Frequency-Dependent Selection

Answer 16

occurs when the fitness of one strategy is a function of its frequency relative to the other inherited behavioral trait

Question 17

Fitness of a genotype can…

Answer 17

increase or decrease as the genotype frequency in the population increases

• Ex: when fitness of one type increases, as that type becomes rarer, than that type will become more frequent in the population
• At equilibrium, two types of individual will co-exist indefinittly and have equal fitness

Question 18

Rover and Sitter Fruit Flies

Answer 18

When food resources are scarce, odds that individuals of the RARE phenotype will survive to populate are greater than corresponding odds for the more common type in the population
- effect of this negative frequency-dependent is to lead to an increase in the frequency of the rarer behavioral type, which keeps it in the population

Question 19

Left and Right Jawed Cichlid

Answer 19

difference in jaws don’t allow fish to adapt/except a raid on their scales from a specific side

Question 20

Positive Frequency

Answer 20

dependent selection can also occur in predation

• Ex: When rarer forms are more visible prey - like the color of the fish may make it stick with probing sand and mud because if they challenge a dominant for seaweed patches, they will probably lose.
• Can be adaptive to concede the better foraging spot to others if you are the turnstone with more powerful rivals