Chapter 11 class (exam4) Flashcards
[Reproductive Systems]
Parthenogenisis
Asexual reproduction.
Offspring = parental clones
Hermaphroditism A) Simultaneous B) Successive -- two subtypes: - Proto_ - Prota_
A) have both M&F sex organs
B) change sex during their lives.
- Protogynous Hermaphrodites: change from F to M
- Protandrous Hermaphrodites: Change from M to F
Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
have both M&F sex organs
Successive Hermaphroditism
change sex during their lives
Protogynous Hermaphrodites
change from F to male
Protandrous Hermaphrodites
change from M to female
ex: clown fish
Dioecism
individual is either male or female throughout life
[Sexual Reproduction] - costs = 1) 2) Benefits 3) 4)
1) 50% of gene transmission
2) energy for fighting, courting and mating
3) cooperation
4) variety of offspring produced - MAIN benefit
_____ Hypothesis:
variant offspring may exploit slightly different environments than parents or siblings, thus having a greater chance of surviving change.
Lottery Hypothesis
____ Hypothesis:
Interaction with biotic environment = increased disease, parasite and predator resistance in variable offspring
Co-Evolution Hypothesis
DNA repair (Mueller’s Ratchet)
in parthenogenesis deleterious mutations could accumulate over time, these get “repaired” in sexual reproduction
[Offspring Value]
A) Parents can pick…
B) if all doing well
A) parents can pick heartiest of babies to feed most to ensure survival. might choose by 1st hatched, most feathers, mouth/throat tissues (reddest), feather length, UV reflectivity of the skin
B) if all doing well/will survive parents might feed smallest
[Offspring Value]
Reproductive Value:
A) if the food supply is good…
B) if the food supply is bad…
A) if the food supply is good, the neediest get fed first.
B) if bad, the largest or best appearing young get fed first.
Local Enhancement Hypothesis
More of sex producing resources
more females in warblers
Local Competition Hypothesis
More of sex that competes for resources
more males - they’ll leave and there’ll be more food left in territory
Trivers-Willard Hypothesis
- if mother is in good shape produce more of the sex that has the most reproductive variance (males?)
- in poor shape more of the less competitive other sex (female)
In humans - well fit mothers have more sons.
Bad fit mothers have more daughters (slightly)
Polygyny
greater inheritance is left to sons
Siblicide
a sibling kills another sibling
obligate siblicide
one sibling kills the other quickly
facultative siblicide
one may or may not kill the other depending on the food supply. more food = less siblicide
[Female Parental Care]
typically females have…
have big investment per gamete in genes (fewer offspring produced) and energy, males often have less. Parental care usually greater for females
[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]
1) Paternity Assurance
2) Greater-Past Investment
3) Order of Gamete Release
4) Association with Young
1) Paternal Assurance: With internal fertilization, male paternity is uncertain and parental care potentially more costly; females are certain of maternity
2) Greater Past Investment: Since females have more energy invested, they should invest more in offspring – Concorde Fallacy (not as likely)
3) Order of Gamete Release: Sex that first releases gametes can flee and force other to care for young
4) Association with Young: Female care may occur because she is present when young or eggs are produced; males may not be
[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]
Paternal Assurance
With internal fertilization, male paternity is uncertain and parental care potentially more costly; females are certain of maternity
[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]
Greater Past Investment:
Since females have more energy invested, they should invest more in offspring – Concorde Fallacy (not as likely)
[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]
Order of Gamete Release:
Sex that first releases gametes can flee and force other to care for young
[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]
Association with Young:
Female care may occur because she is present when young or eggs are produced; males may not be
Fish & Poison frog species often…
break the female care rule if males can attract multiple females to their nest or territory
Offspring Recognition
Parents of group nesting species recognize their young’s color or call.
Group nesting bank swallows do, solitary rough wings do not
INTRAspecific (Conspecific) Brood Parasitism
Parents adopt others of the same species
§ Examples of birds that do this: Swallows, coots, ducks, etc
INTERspecific Brood Parasitism
Parents rear young of another species
..speculated that species began laying eggs in same species nest and began branching out
Mafia Hypothesis of coocoos
These birds eat eggs in other nests unless they have laid their eggs there. Thus, it is beneficial for other species to let their nests be occupied with these foreign eggs
Host Specialists
parasitize a particular species
Host Generalists
Parasitize various species
Beneficial Adoption
Parents GAIN from adoption
- ex: fathead minnow
Male takes nest over. Leaving eggs in nest is good advertising for other females, as they prefer nests with eggs already present… benefit of adoption on part of the male
