Chapter 11 class (exam4)

Question 1

[Reproductive Systems]

Parthenogenisis

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction.

Offspring = parental clones

Question 2

Hermaphroditism
A) Simultaneous
B) Successive
-- two subtypes:
- Proto_
- Prota_

Answer 2

A) have both M&F sex organs
B) change sex during their lives.
- Protogynous Hermaphrodites: change from F to M
- Protandrous Hermaphrodites: Change from M to F

Question 3

Simultaneous Hermaphroditism

Answer 3

have both M&F sex organs

Question 4

Successive Hermaphroditism

Answer 4

change sex during their lives

Question 5

Protogynous Hermaphrodites

Answer 5

change from F to male

Question 6

Protandrous Hermaphrodites

Answer 6

change from M to female

ex: clown fish

Question 7

Dioecism

Answer 7

individual is either male or female throughout life

Question 8

[Sexual Reproduction]
- costs = 
1) 
2) 
Benefits
3)
4)

Answer 8

1) 50% of gene transmission
2) energy for fighting, courting and mating

3) cooperation
4) variety of offspring produced - MAIN benefit

Question 9

_____ Hypothesis:
variant offspring may exploit slightly different environments than parents or siblings, thus having a greater chance of surviving change.

Answer 9

Lottery Hypothesis

Question 10

____ Hypothesis:

Interaction with biotic environment = increased disease, parasite and predator resistance in variable offspring

Answer 10

Co-Evolution Hypothesis

Question 11

DNA repair (Mueller’s Ratchet)

Answer 11

in parthenogenesis deleterious mutations could accumulate over time, these get “repaired” in sexual reproduction

Question 12

[Offspring Value]
A) Parents can pick…
B) if all doing well

Answer 12

A) parents can pick heartiest of babies to feed most to ensure survival. might choose by 1st hatched, most feathers, mouth/throat tissues (reddest), feather length, UV reflectivity of the skin
B) if all doing well/will survive parents might feed smallest

Question 13

[Offspring Value]
Reproductive Value:
A) if the food supply is good…
B) if the food supply is bad…

Answer 13

A) if the food supply is good, the neediest get fed first.

B) if bad, the largest or best appearing young get fed first.

Question 14

Local Enhancement Hypothesis

Answer 14

More of sex producing resources

more females in warblers

Question 15

Local Competition Hypothesis

Answer 15

More of sex that competes for resources

more males - they’ll leave and there’ll be more food left in territory

Question 16

Trivers-Willard Hypothesis

Answer 16

• if mother is in good shape produce more of the sex that has the most reproductive variance (males?)
• in poor shape more of the less competitive other sex (female)

In humans - well fit mothers have more sons.
Bad fit mothers have more daughters (slightly)

Question 17

Polygyny

Answer 17

greater inheritance is left to sons

Question 18

Siblicide

Answer 18

a sibling kills another sibling

Question 19

obligate siblicide

Answer 19

one sibling kills the other quickly

Question 20

facultative siblicide

Answer 20

one may or may not kill the other depending on the food supply. more food = less siblicide

Question 21

[Female Parental Care]

typically females have…

Answer 21

have big investment per gamete in genes (fewer offspring produced) and energy, males often have less. Parental care usually greater for females

Question 22

[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]

1) Paternity Assurance
2) Greater-Past Investment
3) Order of Gamete Release
4) Association with Young

Answer 22

1) Paternal Assurance: With internal fertilization, male paternity is uncertain and parental care potentially more costly; females are certain of maternity
2) Greater Past Investment: Since females have more energy invested, they should invest more in offspring – Concorde Fallacy (not as likely)
3) Order of Gamete Release: Sex that first releases gametes can flee and force other to care for young
4) Association with Young: Female care may occur because she is present when young or eggs are produced; males may not be

Question 23

[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]

Paternal Assurance

Answer 23

With internal fertilization, male paternity is uncertain and parental care potentially more costly; females are certain of maternity

Question 24

[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]

Greater Past Investment:

Answer 24

Since females have more energy invested, they should invest more in offspring – Concorde Fallacy (not as likely)

Question 25

[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]

Order of Gamete Release:

Answer 25

Sex that first releases gametes can flee and force other to care for young

Question 26

[Hypotheses for Female Parental Care]

Association with Young:

Answer 26

Female care may occur because she is present when young or eggs are produced; males may not be

Question 27

Fish & Poison frog species often…

Answer 27

break the female care rule if males can attract multiple females to their nest or territory

Question 28

Offspring Recognition

Answer 28

Parents of group nesting species recognize their young’s color or call.
Group nesting bank swallows do, solitary rough wings do not

Question 29

INTRAspecific (Conspecific) Brood Parasitism

Answer 29

Parents adopt others of the same species

§ Examples of birds that do this: Swallows, coots, ducks, etc

Question 30

INTERspecific Brood Parasitism

Answer 30

Parents rear young of another species

..speculated that species began laying eggs in same species nest and began branching out

Question 31

Mafia Hypothesis of coocoos

Answer 31

These birds eat eggs in other nests unless they have laid their eggs there. Thus, it is beneficial for other species to let their nests be occupied with these foreign eggs

Question 32

Host Specialists

Answer 32

parasitize a particular species

Question 33

Host Generalists

Answer 33

Parasitize various species

Question 34

Beneficial Adoption

Answer 34

Parents GAIN from adoption

• ex: fathead minnow
  Male takes nest over. Leaving eggs in nest is good advertising for other females, as they prefer nests with eggs already present… benefit of adoption on part of the male