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Comparative Psychology > Chapter 7 class (exam3) - Chris > Flashcards

Chapter 7 class (exam3) - Chris Flashcards

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1
Q

Habitat Selection

A

Suitability: must meet needs

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2
Q

Philopatric Species

A

Return to birthplace to breed.
a suitable area should provide breeding site, food, and safety from predators and weather
(ex: salmon, turtles)

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3
Q

Honeybee’s new homesite

A

must not be too large or small, protected from the cold and be far enough away from the original hive

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4
Q

ideal free distribution theory

A

given a choice, animals distribute themselves spatially, moving to better sites to increase reproductive success.
ex: black-capped warblers

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5
Q

within-species competition

A

distributes animals over alternate habitats, using marginal areas when populations are large

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6
Q

Conspecifics

A

members of the same species

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7
Q

source habitat

A

population grows

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8
Q

sink habitat

A

population falls

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9
Q

Types of territoriality

1) O___
2) G___

A

1) object oriented territoriality (involves a moving object - i.e. male follows female)
2) geographic territoriality (defends nest, display area or food source)

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10
Q

object oriented territoriality

A

involves a moving object - i.e. male follows female

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11
Q

geographic territoriality

A

defends nest, display area or food source

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12
Q

defended food resources must be

A
  • clumped
  • variable in quality
  • reliable
  • have only moderate competition
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13
Q

animals typically defend _(A)__ territory they need.
if the territory produces less food they __(B)__.
if the territory produces more, they __(C)__.

A

A) the size territory they need.
B) if the territory produces less food they try to defend more area.
C) if the territory produces more, they decrease it.

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14
Q

Multi purpose territory

A

size is roughly a function of metabolic rate and weight.

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15
Q

General maintenance model
I =
D =
A =

model equation

A 
I = food intake
D = food density
A = area

I = D*A

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16
Q

Maximization Function model equation

F = 
D = 
A = 
C = 
I =
A

F = DA-C = I-C

Fitness
D = food density
Area
Costs
I = food intake
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17
Q

Carpenter & MacMillen Model predicts (A)

E =
P =
a =

A

A) predicts territoriality for Hawaiian Honeycreepers

E = energy needed to survive
P = productivity of environment
a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
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18
Q

To avoid starving you need

A

E ≤ aP

E = energy needed to survive
P = productivity of environment
a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
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19
Q

To reproduce you need more energy

A

E < aP

E = energy needed to survive
P = productivity of environment
a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
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20
Q

Energetic costs of living and defending a territory (E+T) must be (a) __ than the sum of energy input w/o (b) __, plus energy (c) being __(d)_ P(a+b), for territoriality to occur

A

a) less than
b) being territorial
c) gained
d) territorial

Energetic costs of living and defending a territory (E+T) must be less than than the sum of energy input w/o being territorial, plus energy gained being territorial P(a+b), for territoriality to occur

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21
Q

For territorial defense to be worthwhile

A

T < bP

T = energy cost to defend territory
P = productivity of environment
b = additional fraction of P obtained by defending territory
22
Q

For territorial defense to be worthwhile

A

T < bP

T = energy cost to defend territory
P = productivity of environment
b = additional fraction of P obtained by defending territory
23
Q

Resident always wins hypothesis

A

rule would be an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) but the existing residents don’t always win

24
Q

Resource Holding Power Hypothesis

A

if territory holders are bigger, stronger, or in better condition, they should win and they usually they do.

25
Q

Payoff Asymmetry Hypothesis

A

territories more valuable to residents as they have settled disputes with neighbors that intruder must refight, so the payoff in a dispute is less for intruders.

the longer you have been in a territory, the more likely you are to win

26
Q

the longer you have been in a territory, the more likely you are to

A

win

27
Q

Females in Space Hypothesis (territoriality in females)
A) sparse/patchy food (renew slowly - seeds, fruit)
B) distributed food (renew quickly - grass)

A

A) leads to territorial (dispersed) females and nonterritorial males

B) leads to nonterritorial (clumped) females and territorial males

28
Q

Females in Space and Time Hypothesis

A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to ___ male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to ___ and ___
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to ___ and ___

A

A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to nonterritorial male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to territorial males and polygamy
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to territorial males and monogamy

29
Q

Females in Space and Time Hypothesis

A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to ___ male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to ___ and ___
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to ___ and ___

A

A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to nonterritorial male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to territorial males and polygamy
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to territorial males and monogamy

30
Q

[Females in Space and Time Hypothesis]

Polygamy occurs when __, __, __

A

synchronous female fertility, clumped females and territorial males

31
Q

[Females in Space and Time Hypothesis]

Monogamy occurs when __, __, __

A

synchronous female fertility, dispersed females and territorial males

32
Q

Homesite dispersal

  • Inbreeding avoidance
  • What gender stays nearer to home?
A

move away to not breed with relatives

  • sex needing a territory stays nearer to home
    [i.e.
  • mammals - females need territory to rear young, so males move farther.
  • birds = males use territory to attract mates, so females go further.]
33
Q

mate competition

A

members of competing sex move, adults drive off young.

34
Q

breeding success

A

animals seek a new site after unsuccessful breeding season

35
Q

the __ __ has longest migration at xx,xxx kilometers

A

sooty shearwater has longest migration at 60,000 kilometers

36
Q

arctic terns fly xx,xxx mile round trip from pole to pole

A

22,000 mile round trip

37
Q

of 300 species of butterflies migrate

A

50

38
Q

Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Alimentary Factors
  2. Climatic Conditions
  3. Gametic Factors
39
Q

Alimentary Factors

[Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration]

A

related to diet and available food supply

40
Q

Climatic Conditions

[Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration]

A

Temperature, rainfall, etc.

41
Q

Gametic Factors

[Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration]

A

Getting sexes together to mate, or to provide a place for birth and development of young

42
Q

Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration:

  1. E__
  2. T__
  3. C__
A
  1. Equatorial (birds evolved in S. latitudes near the equator, filled new niches and expanded ranges north)
  2. Temporate (birds evolved in N. Latitudes - this currently seems the most correct)
  3. Continental Drift (when Gondwonaland broke up, birds migrated further as continental drift occurred)
43
Q

Equatorial

[Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration]

A

birds evolved in S. latitudes near the equator, filled new niches and expanded ranges north

44
Q

Temporate

[Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration]

A

birds evolved in N. Latitudes - this currently seems the most correct

45
Q

Continental Drift

[Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration]

A

when Gondwanaland broke up, birds migrated further as continental drift occurred

46
Q

Costs of migration

A

include weight gain, gonad growth and recession, exposure to predators and bad weather, navigation systems

47
Q

Benefits of migration

A

must be great. it seems to have evolved in different species for different reasons.

48
Q

MIGRATION advantages for birds include:

A
  • Adequate food and favorable climate year round, more daylight to forage
  • REPRODUCTION: breeding season shorter in north, but day length is longer so birds can concentrate reproduction into fewer days and take advantage of seasonally rich food supplies in the North
49
Q

Predation

A

concentrating time of mating and rearing young may reduce risk of death or unsuccessful reproduction

50
Q

if breeding season is short reproductive synchrony

A

reproductive synchrony improves

51
Q

evolutionary advantages for birds

A

geographic dispersal facilitated, selection

52
Q

conditional strategies

A

in European black birds young migrate, old less often

Comparative Psychology (39 decks)

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