Chapter 7 class (exam3) - Chris Flashcards
Habitat Selection
Suitability: must meet needs
Philopatric Species
Return to birthplace to breed.
a suitable area should provide breeding site, food, and safety from predators and weather
(ex: salmon, turtles)
Honeybee’s new homesite
must not be too large or small, protected from the cold and be far enough away from the original hive
ideal free distribution theory
given a choice, animals distribute themselves spatially, moving to better sites to increase reproductive success.
ex: black-capped warblers
within-species competition
distributes animals over alternate habitats, using marginal areas when populations are large
Conspecifics
members of the same species
source habitat
population grows
sink habitat
population falls
Types of territoriality
1) O___
2) G___
1) object oriented territoriality (involves a moving object - i.e. male follows female)
2) geographic territoriality (defends nest, display area or food source)
object oriented territoriality
involves a moving object - i.e. male follows female
geographic territoriality
defends nest, display area or food source
defended food resources must be
- clumped
- variable in quality
- reliable
- have only moderate competition
animals typically defend _(A)__ territory they need.
if the territory produces less food they __(B)__.
if the territory produces more, they __(C)__.
A) the size territory they need.
B) if the territory produces less food they try to defend more area.
C) if the territory produces more, they decrease it.
Multi purpose territory
size is roughly a function of metabolic rate and weight.
General maintenance model
I =
D =
A =
model equation
I = food intake D = food density A = area
I = D*A
Maximization Function model equation
F = D = A = C = I =
F = DA-C = I-C
Fitness D = food density Area Costs I = food intake
Carpenter & MacMillen Model predicts (A)
E =
P =
a =
A) predicts territoriality for Hawaiian Honeycreepers
E = energy needed to survive P = productivity of environment a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
To avoid starving you need
E ≤ aP
E = energy needed to survive P = productivity of environment a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
To reproduce you need more energy
E < aP
E = energy needed to survive P = productivity of environment a = Fraction of P a nonterritorial animal can obtain
Energetic costs of living and defending a territory (E+T) must be (a) __ than the sum of energy input w/o (b) __, plus energy (c) being __(d)_ P(a+b), for territoriality to occur
a) less than
b) being territorial
c) gained
d) territorial
Energetic costs of living and defending a territory (E+T) must be less than than the sum of energy input w/o being territorial, plus energy gained being territorial P(a+b), for territoriality to occur
For territorial defense to be worthwhile
T < bP
T = energy cost to defend territory P = productivity of environment b = additional fraction of P obtained by defending territory
For territorial defense to be worthwhile
T < bP
T = energy cost to defend territory P = productivity of environment b = additional fraction of P obtained by defending territory
Resident always wins hypothesis
rule would be an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) but the existing residents don’t always win
Resource Holding Power Hypothesis
if territory holders are bigger, stronger, or in better condition, they should win and they usually they do.
Payoff Asymmetry Hypothesis
territories more valuable to residents as they have settled disputes with neighbors that intruder must refight, so the payoff in a dispute is less for intruders.
the longer you have been in a territory, the more likely you are to win
the longer you have been in a territory, the more likely you are to
win
Females in Space Hypothesis (territoriality in females)
A) sparse/patchy food (renew slowly - seeds, fruit)
B) distributed food (renew quickly - grass)
A) leads to territorial (dispersed) females and nonterritorial males
B) leads to nonterritorial (clumped) females and territorial males
Females in Space and Time Hypothesis
A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to ___ male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to ___ and ___
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to ___ and ___
A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to nonterritorial male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to territorial males and polygamy
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to territorial males and monogamy
Females in Space and Time Hypothesis
A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to ___ male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to ___ and ___
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to ___ and ___
A) Asynchronous Female Fertility leads to nonterritorial male
B) Synchronous female fertility and CLUMPED females leads to territorial males and polygamy
C) Synchronous female fertility and DISPERSED females leads to territorial males and monogamy
[Females in Space and Time Hypothesis]
Polygamy occurs when __, __, __
synchronous female fertility, clumped females and territorial males
[Females in Space and Time Hypothesis]
Monogamy occurs when __, __, __
synchronous female fertility, dispersed females and territorial males
Homesite dispersal
- Inbreeding avoidance
- What gender stays nearer to home?
move away to not breed with relatives
- sex needing a territory stays nearer to home
[i.e. - mammals - females need territory to rear young, so males move farther.
- birds = males use territory to attract mates, so females go further.]
mate competition
members of competing sex move, adults drive off young.
breeding success
animals seek a new site after unsuccessful breeding season
the __ __ has longest migration at xx,xxx kilometers
sooty shearwater has longest migration at 60,000 kilometers
arctic terns fly xx,xxx mile round trip from pole to pole
22,000 mile round trip
of 300 species of butterflies migrate
50
Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration
1.
2.
3.
- Alimentary Factors
- Climatic Conditions
- Gametic Factors
Alimentary Factors
[Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration]
related to diet and available food supply
Climatic Conditions
[Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration]
Temperature, rainfall, etc.
Gametic Factors
[Orr’s 3 factors to explain mammal migration]
Getting sexes together to mate, or to provide a place for birth and development of young
Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration:
- E__
- T__
- C__
- Equatorial (birds evolved in S. latitudes near the equator, filled new niches and expanded ranges north)
- Temporate (birds evolved in N. Latitudes - this currently seems the most correct)
- Continental Drift (when Gondwonaland broke up, birds migrated further as continental drift occurred)
Equatorial
[Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration]
birds evolved in S. latitudes near the equator, filled new niches and expanded ranges north
Temporate
[Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration]
birds evolved in N. Latitudes - this currently seems the most correct
Continental Drift
[Theories of Evolution of Bird Migration]
when Gondwanaland broke up, birds migrated further as continental drift occurred
Costs of migration
include weight gain, gonad growth and recession, exposure to predators and bad weather, navigation systems
Benefits of migration
must be great. it seems to have evolved in different species for different reasons.
MIGRATION advantages for birds include:
- Adequate food and favorable climate year round, more daylight to forage
- REPRODUCTION: breeding season shorter in north, but day length is longer so birds can concentrate reproduction into fewer days and take advantage of seasonally rich food supplies in the North
Predation
concentrating time of mating and rearing young may reduce risk of death or unsuccessful reproduction
if breeding season is short reproductive synchrony
reproductive synchrony improves
evolutionary advantages for birds
geographic dispersal facilitated, selection
conditional strategies
in European black birds young migrate, old less often
