Chapter 4 class (exam2) Flashcards
Innate or species-specific behaviors
A) Definition
A) all animals of a species respond to the same stimulus in about the same way given similar antecedent and immediate conditions
Innate or species-specific behaviors
> Reflexes (2 types)
1)
2)
1) Phasic
2) Tonic
Phasic reflexes
brief, may persist with the stimulus
Tonic reflexes
continuous series of muscle adjustments
[INNATE OR SPECIES-SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS]
> Tropisms
A) K___
B) T___
A) kineses
B) taxes
Kineses
A) defined
B) subtypes (1) and (2)
A) undirected locomotor reactions in response to stimulus intensity, not direction
B) (1) Orthokinesis: change in speed of movement. essentially shift gears
(2) Klinokinesis: change in rate of turning (i.e. wood lice)
Orthokinesis
change in speed of movement. essentially shift gears
Klinokinesis
change in rate of turning (i.e. wood lice)
Taxes
movements directly toward or away from a stimulus source
Taxes subtypes:
A)
B)
C)
A) Klinotaxis: Bend/twist body to expose single intensity receptor to both sides of body. Turn toward side of greater/lesser intensity
B) Tropotaxis: Compare input from 2 intensity receptors. Turn toward or away from greater/lesser intensity until input equal (If cover up one eye, they’ll spin in circles.)
C) Telotaxis: Use one or 2 direction sensitive receptors (covering up one eye – they can still see source and go on without difficulty)
Klinotaxis
Bend/twist body to expose single intensity receptor to both sides of body. Turn toward side of greater/lesser intensity
Tropotaxis
Compare input from 2 intensity receptors. Turn toward or away from greater/lesser intensity until input equal (If cover up one eye, they’ll spin in circles.)
Telotaxis
Use one or 2 direction sensitive receptors (covering up one eye – they can still see source and go on without difficulty)
Compass reactions
A) Define
B) examples
A) ability to fix direction plus a mechanism to adjust if the stimulus moves
B) Homing or migration
Homing
orientation to a territory, nesting or breeding area from a relatively unfixed position
(A Compass Reaction)
Migration
relatively fixed bidirectional navigation at certain times or developmental stages. This may involve a map sense, knowing where they are in relation to their goal
(A Compass Reaction)
Habituation
repeated or continuous stimulus presentation leads to adaptation of a response
Properties of Habituation
A) who proposed?
1) Course
2) Time
3) Relearning
4) Stimulus intensity
5) overlearning
6) generalization
A) Thompson and Spencer
1) Course: an inverted curve of decreasing returns
2) Time: habituation dissipates with time, like forgetting
3) Relearning: repeated exposures produce more rapid habituation
4) Stimulus Intensity: Habituation is faster for weaker stimuli and may not occur at all to a very strong S
5) Overlearning: re-exposure to a stimulus following complete habituation produces decreased relearning time (T&S call this below-zero habituation).
6) Generalization: Habituation processes occur more quickly to new stimuli in proportion to their similarity to the original
These characteristics (except stimulus intensity) are similar to learning phenomena.
[Properties of Habituation]
Course
an inverted curve of decreasing returns
[Properties of Habituation]
Time
habituation dissipates with time, like forgetting
[Properties of Habituation]
Relearning
repeated exposures produce more rapid habituation
[Properties of Habituation]
Stimulus Intensity
Habituation is faster for weaker stimuli and may not occur at all to a very strong S
[Properties of Habituation]
Overlearning
re-exposure to a stimulus following complete habituation produces decreased relearning time (T&S call this below-zero habituation).
[Properties of Habituation]
Generalization
Habituation processes occur more quickly to new stimuli in proportion to their similarity to the original
Instincts
A) Define
B) Criteria
A) an innate S-R pattern that requires eliciting external stimulation and, often, particular antecedent conditions.
B) Criteria: a releasing stimulus. A response threshold varying with internal conditions. Occurrence leading to a refractory period.
Instincts criteria A) B) C) D) E) F)
A) A releasing stimulus
B) A response threshold varying with internal conditions
C) Occurrence leading to a refractory period
D) S and R forms relatively specific within species and sex
E) Learning not necessary (can’t be involved)
F) Behavior is biologically adaptive
instinctive patterns consist of
A)
B)
C)
A) Preconsumatory, appetitive, or instrumental orienting or migrating behaviors: approach behaviors
B) fixed action patterns (FAPs): Consummatory behaviors stereotyped in order and form
C) post consummatory behaviors: Less stereotyped, terminates the behavior
Preconsumatory, appetitive, or instrumental orienting or migrating behaviors:
approach behaviors
fixed action patterns (FAPs):
Consummatory behaviors stereotyped in order and form
post consummatory behaviors:
Less stereotyped, terminates the behavior (i.e. grooming. smoking a cigarette after sex)
Activation sequence
A)
B)
C)
A) sign stimulus (or releasing stimulus if another animal is providing it)
B) innate releasing mechanism IRM (neural detection unit)
C) Fixed Action Pattern (FAP): a motor response performed in a programmed sequence without necessary feedback
innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
neural detection unit for detecting the stimulus
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
a motor response performed in a programmed sequence without necessary feedback
Supranormal sign stimuli:
exaggerated sign stimuli that work better than the original (i.e. Coke bottles producing a reflection that made birds sit on them instead of their nest.)
Learning
A relatively long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience, representing an association between environmental events and behavior
Classical conditioning
A) making a ____
B) Pavlov’s example
A) making a preexisting response to a new stimulus
B) salivation first produced by food, then may be elicited by a light or sound following appropriate experience
Instrumental/Operant Conditioning
A) behavior is
B) typical example
A) Behavior is associated with outcomes
B) Skinnerian bar
Costs and Benefits of instincts
A) Benefits
B) Costs
A) Situations where behavior must be right the first time and performance produce no information that can be profitably stored
B) Gamble a response to a releaser will be correct in most instances. Susceptibility to mimicry. (ex: mde digging vibrations cause earthworms to surface so they can catch and eat them)
[Costs and Benefits of Learning]
Benefits
Examples are birds learning to recognize eggs or avoid rearing parasites (cuckoo) or young of other parents. Such learning is more successful than an instinct and more likely to develop and be successful when:
There is time and opportunity to learn
Stimuli involved are variable and unpredictable (learned to avoid that food, etc.)
Information so affects fitness it is worth the neuronal development
[Costs and Benefits of Learning]
Costs
Neurons needed for storage, reward and punishment systems, and modification of behavior. The brain has major biological costs: it is 2% of body weight, uses 15% of heart output, 20% of oxygen, 25% of body energy (13% in other primates, 2-8% in most vertebrates).
- Need bigger heart, bigger lungs, more food to keep things going. Has to be a big payoff to offset the biologically significant cost.
- Learning can produce errors in avoiding good food after a poor experience or produce results (birth control) that are biologically inappropriate.
- Deception may provide faulty information to be learned.
May be less costly to use ___ system
hormonal system
neural mechanisms are for
communication and control
neural mechanisms behind a behavior. Stars with __ then goes to ___ (list everything until behavior)
stimulation (meaningful) goes to receptor cells sensory interneurons synapses brain motor interneurons motor neurons muscles or glands behavior
Hormonal Mechanisms
1)
2)
3)
1) Developmental Regulation
2) Primer Regulation (start producing hormones in spring. i.e. courtship, nest building)
3) Releaser Regulation (set off behavior when hormone produced. ie. flying north in springtime)
Noctuid Moth Ears (Roeder)
don’t respond to ___
differences in frequency
A1 receptor neuron (moth ears)
A) are sensitive to ___
B) more responsive to ___ than ___
C) fires ___ with __ __ as intensity increases
A) low intensity sound
B) more responsive to pulses than uninterrupted sound
C) fires faster with shorter intervals as intensity increases
can tell where location is
A2 receptor neuron (moth ears)
only responds to ___
loud sounds (meaning the bat is close)
A1 and A2 receptor neurons (Moth ears)
A) neither neuron shows
B) A1 responds to bat cries at ___ feet
C) response frequency varies with
D) ___ cues signal R or L
E) ___ ___ from wings signal __ or __
F) When distant bat is detected moth turns away from ___
G) when bat is close moth takes _______ possibly by A_ activity inhibiting ____.
A) Neither neuron shows any differential response to frequency
B) A1 responds to bat cries at 100 feet (bats can’t sense a moth over 8’).
C) Response frequency varies with intensity to indicate distance
D) Binaural cues signal right or left
E) Sound shadows from wings signal above or below
F) When distant bat is detected moth turns away from the side most stimulated
G) When bat is close moth takes violent evasive action, possibly by A2 activity inhibiting wing muscle coordination
Mustache bats
A) produce __ and use reflection as __
B) Cells in brain are very sensitive to …
C) Cells respond over time only if the pulse–echo interval …
D) Other range tuned cells respond best to __ pulse
A) Produce high frequency sound and use sound reflection as “radar”
B) Cells in brain are very sensitive to low intensity sounds preceded by high intensity sounds – long range echo detectors
C) Cells respond over time only if the pulse – echo interval continues to decrease – tracking neurons
D) Other range tuned cells respond best to specific pulse – echo intervals and are organized linearly on the brain short to long interval (3msec, 6, 9, etc.).
Carnivorous Marine Mollusk/Slug
Priorities: A) Feeding near predator vs escape B) Feeding upside down vs righting C) Mating vs feeding D) feeding vs eating eggs they laid E) feeding vs withdrawing head from touch
A) Swimming escape has priority over feeding (escaping a predator, when food is available)
B) Feeding over righting response (they’ll eat upside down if necessary)
C) Feeding over mating
D) After egg laying, hormones lower feeding tendency to keep slug from eating eggs
E) Head withdrawal to touch is lowest priority and occurs when satiated, but not when eating
Inhibitory systems
nerves in thalamus inhibit detector signals (worm vs predator)
Mantis/insect brain
- Protocerebral Ganglion (brain)
- Subesophageal Ganglion (mouth/throat) lower down
- Thorasic Ganglia (thorax)
- Segmental Ganglia (control limb movement)
- The “brain” seems to inhibit the lower neural centers WHICH HELPS MATING SUCCESS WHEN YOUR HEAD IS BIT OFF
command center hypothesis
nervous systems are organized to avoid maladaptive conflicts between competing stimuli via command centers in the brain
Black Blowfly
A) food odors cause …
B) when arriving at food they …
C) Stimulation of chemosensory hairs … causes …
A) Food odors cause change from random flying to upwind orientation
B) Arriving at food, fly steps in it
C) Stimulation of chemosensory hairs on feet causes retractable proboscis (labellum) to extend, so marginal labellar hairs touch food.
Black Blowfly A) each marginal labellar hair houses #_ bipolar neurons (list them) B) Food ingestion depends on ... C) Food stimulating \_\_ receptors
A) 5 bipolar neurons: 2 salt receptors, 1 water, 1 sugar and 1 mechano-receptor
B) sugar and salt receptor input balance.
C) Food stimulating sugar receptors more effectively than salt is accepted. Food causing the reverse is rejected
Black Blowfly
A) food odors cause …
B) when arriving at food they …
C) Stimulation of chemosensory hairs … causes …
A) Food odors cause change from random flying to upwind orientation
B) Arriving at food, fly steps in it
C) Stimulation of chemosensory hairs on feet causes retractable proboscis (labellum) to extend, so marginal labellar hairs touch food.
Black Blowfly INGESTION
A) Food goes from esophagus to the crop. In a few minutes oral sense organs …
B) Inhibition arises from __
C) After feeding stops, food is regurgitated from crop into midgut for absorption. What receptors signal brain and how?
D) In the brain excitatory input from oral receptors is balanced against this … to determine if…
E) Receptors monitor __.
A) … adapt and ingestion stops. By the time disadaptation occurs and taste organs can again trigger ingestion, post-ingestion inhibitory factors block further ingestion
B) Inhibition arises from 2 sets of stretch receptors:
C) After feeding stops, food is regurgitated from crop into midgut for absorption. Two stretch receptors, bipolar neurons, signal brain via the RECURRENT NERVE
D) In the brain excitatory input from oral receptors is balanced against this inhibitory foregut receptor input to determine if feeding occurs
E) Receptors in body wall monitor stretch as animal feeds. Their inhibitory input goes to brain via central nerve cord.
Black Blowfly Cutting either (A) or (B) eliminates input about amount eaten; food that stimulates oral receptors is ingested until (C)
A) recurrent nerve
B) ventral cord
C) animal bursts
A) Gymnotid (S. America) and Mormyrid (Africa) fish have independently evolved ___
B) They discriminate to
C) if they encounter others…
A) electrical organs that produce weak electric fields around their bodies which change firing rate as the field is distorted by objects, and rows of electro receptors in pores along the body.
B) They discriminate to .03 microvolts for navigation, prey identification and communication
C) If they encounter others they have a jamming avoidance reflex that adjust their discharge rate up or down
European Toad perception A) Receptor cells B) Bipolar cells C) Ganglion cells D) \_\_ \_\_ and \_\_ E) thalamus responds to \_\_ stimulus
A) rods and cones
B) feed information up the line to Ganglion cells.
C) Excitatory area surrounded by inhibitory area. each of these cells responsible for retina input
D) optic tectum and thalamus
E) thalamus responds to vertical stimulus - predators
Toads do not see
nonmoving stimuli since ganglion cells respond only to movement through their receptive field.
European Toad perception A) Receptor cells B) Bipolar cells C) Ganglion cells D) \_\_ \_\_ and \_\_
A) rods and cones
B) feed information up the line to Ganglion cells.
C) Excitatory area surrounded by inhibitory area. each of these cells responsible for retina input
D) optic tectum and thalamus
Toads do not see
nonmoving stimuli since ganglion cells respond only to movement through their receptive field.
monkeys and humans have neurons that
react to hands and faces
Human visual system enhances
contrast
monkeys and humans have neurons that
react to hands and faces
Central Pattern generators
preprogrammed groups of motor interneurons
A) filtering of sensory apparatus (whether detect something) depends on __
B) parasitic flies that lay eggs on crickets and katydids have ears most sensitive to ___
A) system. i.e. avoiding predators, finding food, etc.
B) the call frequencies of those species. to find a place to lay eggs
Crickets
A) hear over a broad range of frequencies but are most sensitive to…
B) if they hear a bat while flying …
A) Hear over a broad range of frequencies, but are most sensitive at the ranges of cricket song and bat calls.
A) If they hear a bat while flying a motor interneuron raises a hind leg to interfere with the wing opposite from the stimulation. If they are on the ground this does not happen.
Stimulus filtering:
Auditory systems are usually most sensitive to
the call frequencies of their species
Navigation
The ___ is essential to animal navigation and human mental maps
hippocampus.
HIPPO HAS GREAT MEMORY
Compass sense: 4 components: A) B) C) D)
A) Vision
B) Magnetism
C) Olfaction
D) Other
Vision - compass sense 3 parts: A) B) C)
A) Sun position: requires biological clock to correct for movement
- If keep them in place where you alter light/dark cycle and then release them to the wild – they get all messed up. Bees finding hives on cloudy days. Pigeons can home in at night.
B) Celestial Cues: Star positions and movements
- Indigo buntings imprint on the North Star
- Dung beetles use the milky way.
C) Light polarization
- Pigeons can detect this but not sure how they use it.
Magnetism used for compass sense
A) animals
B) people
A) Pigeons use the sun, with the earth’s magnetic field as their second choice
- Mollusks – tongues covered w rows of feral magnetic teeth – they detect field with tongue
B) Humans can also detect this field.
> College students – blindfolded and plugged ears, etc. in half of them there was a magnet in the helmet. In another there wasn’t. drove them around town,
> Point to campus – people who didn’t have a magnet were more accurate than people who did.
Olfaction - compass sense
Pigeons …
respond to odors from different wind directions.
Experiment: Housing where they could alter the direction of the smells. When west wind, blow in from north. When turned loose, pigeons had difficulty with homing
Other compass sense
pressure - high pressure/low pressure. used in migratory behavior
map sense
many senses may be involved, including olfaction in pigeons
