Chapter 10 - Mating Systems Flashcards
textbook
Males that mate with multiple females are called _______.
polygynous
monogamous refers to mating with _______ (per nesting attempt)
just one mate
green catbirds practice _________ for a given breeding season and rear offspring together
monogamy
what is polyandrous behavior?
one female copulating with multiple males in a breeding season
When females of a given species are polyandrous, males tend to be ________.
monogamous
polygynandry refers to what type of mating behavior?
a mating system in which both males and females have several partners with whom they form a pair-bonds
when matings are seemingly random and there is no association between mates it is referred to as a ___________ type mating system
promiscuity
the key feature of mating systems is: ___________
number of mates that males and females have
mating systems are (pick one: stable or varied) among populations of the same species
varied
Emlen and Oring developed a ____________ framework to explain the emergence of different animal mating systems.
socio-ecological framework
the socio-ecological framework created by emlen and Oring builds on principles from what theory?
sexual selection theory
the sex that invests more in reproduction is typically ______ which distribute themselves in ways that ________ their ability to obtain ______
1) female
2) maximize
3) resources
Members of the limited sex (males) should attempt to _________ __________ to members of the limiting sex. This is done by _________ __________.
1) control access
2) regulating resources
spatial dispersion of food/other resources and temporal availability of mates influences what?
ability to regulate resources
type of mating system that will evolve if males can monopolize access to females?
Type of mating system that will evolve if females can monopolize access to males?
1) polygyny
2) polyandry
What type of mating system evolves if neither males nor females can monopolize members of the opposite sex or resources?
monogamy
When resources are unnecessary for breeding or parenting _______ mating systems can evolve
promiscuity
when resources/access to mates leave neither males nor females able to gain any advantage over the other, this type of mating system evolves
polygynandry
form of mating system that evolves depends primarily on what two factors?
which sex is limiting and the degree to which the other sex controls resource access or a monopolization of mates
Approximately _____ % of mammals are monogamous; _____ % of bird species appear monogamous (but may not actually be..)
1) 5%
2) 90%
Social monogamy (=/does not =) genetic monogamy
does not =
What is social monogamy?
a form of monogamy in which a male and female form a pair-bond but one or both sexes also may mate outside of the pair-bond (think open marriage among birds/other species)
What is genetic monogamy?
a form of monogamy in which a male and female form a pair-bond and mate only with each other
95% of nests of the superb fairy-wren (will/will not) have extra-pair offspring; 100% of florida scrub-jays (will/will not) have extra-pair offspring
1) will
2) will not
Monogamy may be safe and more rewarding is the costs are _______ for mating
high
In a research dealing with the mating practices of primates, including the extremely polyandrous Barbary macaque, the team investigated what?
whether the immune systems of species that mate multiply will be stronger than related species with tendencies toward monogamy?
What were the general findings of the research on immune system responses between polygamous vs. monogamous species?
polyandrous bird species had higher bacteria and yeast levels; White blood cell counts were higher for polyandrous species; sexually transmitted disease risk is higher in non-monogamous species
Match hypotheses that explain monogamy in animal species:
- mate limitation hypothesis
- mate guarding hypothesis
- mate assistance hypothesis
- infanticide hypothesis
a. monogamy is likely to evolve when resources are so critical to successful reproduction that both parents are necessary to rear young
b. monogamy is likely to evolve when potential mates do not form groups and roam widely, making them costly to locate
c. monogamy is likely to evolve when the risk of infanticide is high and a partner can provide protection against infanticidal males
d. monogamy is likely to evolve when individuals have the ability to restrict mating behavior in their partner
- b
- d
- a
- c
sexual suicide is an example that provides support for what type of hypothesis regarding monogamy?
mate guarding hypothesis
what is a textbook example providing support for the mate assistance hypothesis?
parental care
_______ _______ is one of the primary potential benefits to males among monogamous species.
paternity assurance
T/F males are the only sex to use guarding across species
FALSE
when a female blocks her partner’s polygynous intentions to monopolize his parental assistance, this type of mate guarding is referred to as ________ -________ _________
female-enforced monogamy
burying beetle Nicrophorus defodiens practice _________ - ________ monogamy
female-enforced monogamy
In the species European starlings, demonstrating the benefits of monogamy in species with paternal care, ____% of eggs incubated by both parents hatched compared to just ____% of eggs cared for by mothers alone
1) 97%
2) 75%
The mean number of fledged young per brood of spotless starlings was (highest/lowest) for those with extra testosterone and (highest/lowest) for those with testosterone blocker
1) lowest
2) highest
For the prairie vole species, males defend their offspring against infanticidal rivals which makes ________ ___________ and _______ __________ a contribution towards monogamous behavior in this species
mate guarding and mate assistance
Evidence shows that, among primate species, infanticide came (before or after) the shift from polygyny to monogamy
before (when a species is confronted with strong infanticidal tendencies defense against this with the aid of a long term partner is beneficial for both males and females)
Evidence indicates that there is (a relationship/no relationship) between monogamy and risk of male infanticide
no relationship
Paternal care is a (cause/consequence) of monogamy in mammals
consequence
The work of Lukas and Clutton-Brock showed that monogamy evolved in mammal species because breeding females are _______________________ and female density is _________.
1) intolerant of one another
2) low
