Chapter 9

Question 1

Preoperational broke down means….

Answer 1

“before (pre) logical operations (reasoning processes).”

Question 2

Paigets theory,,,
The child’s verbal ability permits symbolic thinking.
Language frees the child from the limits of sensorimotor experience.

Answer 2

Preoperational thought

Question 3

Four Limitations of Preoperational Thought

Answer 3

1. ) Centration
   * **Egocentrism-
2. ) Focus on appearance
3. ) Static reasoning
4. ) Irreversibility

Question 4

a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

Answer 4

Centration-

Question 5

“self-centeredness”

Answer 5

Egocentrism-

Question 6

a thing is whatever it appears to be

Answer 6

Focus on appearance

Question 7

belief that the world is unchanging

Answer 7

Static reasoning

Question 8

what is done cannot be undone

Answer 8

Irreversibility

Question 9

_____________ is the principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (is conserved) when its appearance changes

example: which has more…
1. ) 2.) Will say 1.)
* * * * * * * ***
* ** ***

Answer 9

Conservation

Question 10

______ is Belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.

hint** Children simultaneously hold rational and magical ideas.

Answer 10

Animism

Question 11

_______ Social Learning theory:
Every aspect of children’s cognitive development is embedded in the social context.

“Guided participation”- process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations (mentor).

Answer 11

Vygotsky’s

Question 12

process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations (mentor).

Answer 12

“Guided participation”

Question 13

Vygotsky’s term for the skills—cognitive as well as physical—that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently

Answer 13

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 14

Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

Answer 14

Scaffolding

Question 15

The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).

Answer 15

Private speech

Question 16

is Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another.

Answer 16

Social mediation

Question 17

is the The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear using theories

Answer 17

Theory-theory

Question 18

• A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking.
  In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are.
  That realization is seldom achieved before age 4.

Answer 18

Theory of mind

Question 19

• Language is pivotal to every kind of cognition in early childhood.
• Early childhood is a sensitive period, the best time to master vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
• The average child knows about 500 words at age 2 and more than 10,000 at age 6.

Answer 19

Language Facts

Question 20

The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.

Answer 20

Fast-mapping

Question 21

The ________ of a language includes the structures, techniques, and rules that communicate meaning. Word order and word repetition, prefixes and suffixes, intonation and emphasis—all are part of grammar.

Answer 21

grammar

Question 22

The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is.

Answer 22

Over-regularization

Question 23

Young bilinguals site both languages in the same areas of the brain but keep them separate when speaking, not so in adults

Pronunciation is hard to master after childhood

Answer 23

Facts on two speaking two languages

Question 24

fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other

Answer 24

Balanced Bilingual

Question 25

________ schools emphasize individual pride and accomplishment, presenting literacy-related tasks.

Answer 25

Montessori

Question 26

________ __________ approach- A famous program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy; it encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting.

Answer 26

Reggio Emilia

Question 27

Stress academic subjects taught by a teacher to an entire class.

Children learn letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, as well as how to listen to the teacher and sit quietly.

Make a clear distinction between work and play.

Are much less expensive, since the child/adult ratio can be higher.

Answer 27

Teacher-Directed Programs Facts

Question 28

____ ______- ______- The most widespread early-childhood education program in the United States, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.

Facts: At first, the program was thought to be highly successful at raising children’s intelligence; ten years later, early gains were said to fade.

Answer 28

Project Head Start