Chapter 6

Question 1

-Piaget’s cognitive development term for the way infants think by using their “senses and motor skills—during birth to 24 months.

Answer 1

Sensorimotor Intelligence

Question 2

Primary Circular Reactions-

describe what it is and the stages

Answer 2

sensorimotor intelligence: the infant’s responses to its body

Stage 1: stage of reflexes (i.e. sucking)

Stage 2: stage of first habits (i.e. grabbing a bottle to suck it)

Question 3

What is Secondary Circular Reactions and the stages?

Involves

Answer 3

“responses to people and objects”

Stage 3: making interesting events last
i.e. clapping hands when told to

Stage 4: new adaptation and anticipation
i.e. putting mother’s hands together in order to make her start playing patty-cake

Question 4

What term is the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or hear? What stage is it apart of?

Answer 4

Object permanence

Secondary circular reactions

Question 5

What is “active exploration and experimentation” and the stages?

Answer 5

Stage 5: new means through active experimentation
“Little scientist” active and creative exploration using trial and error

Stage 6: anticipate and solve problems by using mental combinations

Question 6

when infants copy behavior they noticed hours or days earlier
What stage loop is it?

Answer 6

Deferred Imitation

* part of Tertiary Circular Reactions

Question 7

-The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, then loss of interest. Shows what they know and learn

Answer 7

Habituation

Question 8

Techniques Used to Study the Brain:

____ is used to locate neurological responses to stimuli

Answer 8

fMRI

Question 9

Techniques Used to Study the Brain:

____ measures electric activity in cortex

Answer 9

EEG

Question 10

Techniques Used to Study the Brain:

___notes amplitude and frequency of electrical activity

Answer 10

ERP (event related potential)

Question 11

Techniques Used to Study the Brain:

________ is like fMRI but requires injection of dye

Answer 11

PET

Question 12

________ theorists believe that a step-by-step description of the mechanisms of thought adds insight to our understanding of cognition at every age.

• Contrast with Piaget’s stages
• Modeled on computer functioning

Answer 12

Information-processing Theory

Question 13

_______ _____ was designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another.
Hint* part of affordances

Example: Mothers were able to urge their 6-month-olds to wiggle forward over the “cliff”, but 10-month-olds fearfully refused.

Answer 13

Visual Cliff

Question 14

The environment affords opportunities for interactions with what is perceived

Answer 14

Affordances

Question 15

_____ focuses on movement and change

-Babies work to master the next motor skill

Answer 15

Dynamic Perception

Question 16

__________ an innate attraction to other humans

-Babies recognize regular caregivers and expect certain affordances from them (i.e. comfort, food, etc.)

Answer 16

People Preference

Question 17

Developmentalists now agree that very young infants can remember if the following three conditions are met:

Answer 17

1. )Experimental conditions are similar to real life.
2. )Motivation is high.
3. )Special measures aid memory retrieval.

Question 18

According to_____ _____ theory, infants store no memories in their first year

Answer 18

classic developmental

Question 19

_____ _______ found that infants could remember after 2 weeks if they had a reminder session -
any experience that helps one remember an event, thing or idea

Answer 19

Rovee-Collier

Question 20

______________remains hidden until a stimulus brings it to mind
stored via habits, emotional responses, etc
*memory that’s always there. Part of who you are

Answer 20

Implicit Memory

Question 21

_____________ can be recalled on demand, usually with words
consciously learned words, concepts
*stuff you study or facts you learn

Answer 21

Explicit Memory

Question 22

_________-_______ ______ the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (called baby talk or motherese)

Answer 22

Child-directed speech

Question 23

________ the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old

Answer 23

Babbling

Question 24

When are a babies first words?

How many words a week?

Answer 24

after 1 year. 1 to 2 words a week

Question 25

________ is a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
*hint utter names

Answer 25

Holophrases

Question 26

Naming explosion is a sudden….?

When does it occur>

Answer 26

increase in an infant’s vocabulary, such as nouns.

begins at about 18 months of age.

Question 27

________ includes all the devices by which words communicate meaning: sequence, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, loudness, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles.

-Worldwide, people who are not yet 2 years old already use language well.

Answer 27

Grammar

Question 28

Name the theory:

• B. F. Skinner (1957) noticed that spontaneous babbling is usually reinforced.
• Parents are expert teachers.
• Frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when linked to daily life.
• Well-taught infants become well-spoken children.

Answer 28

Theory One: Infants Need to Be Taught

Question 29

Name the theory:
-Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings.

-Early communication focuses on the emotional messages of speech and not the words

Answer 29

Theory Two: Social-pragmatic

Question 30

Theory Three: _____ _______ _______

Chomsky’s term for a hypothesized mental “structure” that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.

Hint* Theory seeks to explain to learn the language that they are exposed to

Answer 30

Infants Teach Themselves

Language acquisition device (LAD)-

Question 31

Name the Language Learning Theory:

-Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age
Hint* Both

-How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances

Answer 31

A Hybrid Theory