Chapter 6 Flashcards
-Piaget’s cognitive development term for the way infants think by using their “senses and motor skills—during birth to 24 months.
Sensorimotor Intelligence
Primary Circular Reactions-
describe what it is and the stages
sensorimotor intelligence: the infant’s responses to its body
Stage 1: stage of reflexes (i.e. sucking)
Stage 2: stage of first habits (i.e. grabbing a bottle to suck it)
What is Secondary Circular Reactions and the stages?
Involves
“responses to people and objects”
Stage 3: making interesting events last
i.e. clapping hands when told to
Stage 4: new adaptation and anticipation
i.e. putting mother’s hands together in order to make her start playing patty-cake
What term is the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or hear? What stage is it apart of?
Object permanence
Secondary circular reactions
What is “active exploration and experimentation” and the stages?
Stage 5: new means through active experimentation
“Little scientist” active and creative exploration using trial and error
Stage 6: anticipate and solve problems by using mental combinations
when infants copy behavior they noticed hours or days earlier
What stage loop is it?
Deferred Imitation
* part of Tertiary Circular Reactions
-The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, then loss of interest. Shows what they know and learn
Habituation
Techniques Used to Study the Brain:
____ is used to locate neurological responses to stimuli
fMRI
Techniques Used to Study the Brain:
____ measures electric activity in cortex
EEG
Techniques Used to Study the Brain:
___notes amplitude and frequency of electrical activity
ERP (event related potential)
Techniques Used to Study the Brain:
________ is like fMRI but requires injection of dye
PET
________ theorists believe that a step-by-step description of the mechanisms of thought adds insight to our understanding of cognition at every age.
- Contrast with Piaget’s stages
- Modeled on computer functioning
Information-processing Theory
_______ _____ was designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another.
Hint* part of affordances
Example: Mothers were able to urge their 6-month-olds to wiggle forward over the “cliff”, but 10-month-olds fearfully refused.
Visual Cliff
The environment affords opportunities for interactions with what is perceived
Affordances
_____ focuses on movement and change
-Babies work to master the next motor skill
Dynamic Perception
__________ an innate attraction to other humans
-Babies recognize regular caregivers and expect certain affordances from them (i.e. comfort, food, etc.)
People Preference
Developmentalists now agree that very young infants can remember if the following three conditions are met:
- )Experimental conditions are similar to real life.
- )Motivation is high.
- )Special measures aid memory retrieval.
According to_____ _____ theory, infants store no memories in their first year
classic developmental
_____ _______ found that infants could remember after 2 weeks if they had a reminder session -
any experience that helps one remember an event, thing or idea
Rovee-Collier
______________remains hidden until a stimulus brings it to mind
stored via habits, emotional responses, etc
*memory that’s always there. Part of who you are
Implicit Memory
_____________ can be recalled on demand, usually with words
consciously learned words, concepts
*stuff you study or facts you learn
Explicit Memory
_________-_______ ______ the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (called baby talk or motherese)
Child-directed speech
________ the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old
Babbling
When are a babies first words?
How many words a week?
after 1 year. 1 to 2 words a week
________ is a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
*hint utter names
Holophrases
Naming explosion is a sudden….?
When does it occur>
increase in an infant’s vocabulary, such as nouns.
begins at about 18 months of age.
________ includes all the devices by which words communicate meaning: sequence, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, loudness, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles.
-Worldwide, people who are not yet 2 years old already use language well.
Grammar
Name the theory:
- B. F. Skinner (1957) noticed that spontaneous babbling is usually reinforced.
- Parents are expert teachers.
- Frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when linked to daily life.
- Well-taught infants become well-spoken children.
Theory One: Infants Need to Be Taught
Name the theory:
-Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings.
-Early communication focuses on the emotional messages of speech and not the words
Theory Two: Social-pragmatic
Theory Three: _____ _______ _______
Chomsky’s term for a hypothesized mental “structure” that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.
Hint* Theory seeks to explain to learn the language that they are exposed to
Infants Teach Themselves
Language acquisition device (LAD)-
Name the Language Learning Theory:
-Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age
Hint* Both
-How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances
A Hybrid Theory
