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Psychology 235 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how the following are determined..
Average weight-
Average height-

A

Average weight- double birth w. by 4m.

Average height- grow 14 inches from birth to age 2

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2
Q

biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth

A

Head-sparing

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3
Q

The ______ is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

A

Brain

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4
Q

point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100.

50th percentile is the midpoint with ½ the sample being higher and ½ lower

A

Percentile

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5
Q

Average newborn sleeps __ hours per day

A

16

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6
Q

Specifics of sleep vary due to __, _______ and _____.

A

age, characteristics, and social environment

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7
Q

This type of sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, academic success and psychological adjustment

A

Ample sleep

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8
Q

this type of sleep involves dreaming, rapid brain waves

A

REM sleep

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9
Q

is quiet sleep, increases at 3-4 months

A

Slow-wave sleep

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10
Q

custom of parents and children sleeping in same room, more common in Asia, Africa and Latin America than in Western cultures

A

Co-sleeping

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11
Q

the outer layers of the brain.

A

Cortex

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12
Q

the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system

A

Neuron

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13
Q

a fiber that extends from a neuron and “transmits” electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons

A

Axon

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14
Q

a fiber that extends from a neuron and “receives” electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.

A

Dendrite

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15
Q

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

A

Synapse

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16
Q

a brain “chemical” that “carries information” from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.

A

Neurotransmitter

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17
Q
  • The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites in an infant’s brain from birth to age 2
A

Transient Exuberance

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18
Q

is followed by pruning where unused neurons and misconnected dendrites die

A

Transient Exuberance

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19
Q

______ on the brain ccurs in infants who are terrified and experience other forms of stress and can continue to adulthood

A

Stress

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20
Q

If brain produces too many stress hormones in infants, the brain will not be able to have normal ______ _____.

A

Stress responses.

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21
Q

What are the two “Experience-related aspects” of brain function:

A
  1. ) Experience-expectant

2. ) Experience-dependent

22
Q

requires basic common experiences to “develop” normally (i.e. people who love them)

A

Experience-expectant

23
Q

these happen to some infants but not all, not necessary for brain function (ex. language baby hears, swim lessons)

A

Experience-dependent

24
Q

the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control

A

prefrontal cortex

25
Q

a life-threatening injury occurring when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels and breaking neural connections .

A

Shaken baby syndrome

26
Q

inborn drive to fix a developmental deficit

A

Self-righting

27
Q

All people have __________ for physical and emotional imbalances

A

self-righting impulses

28
Q

The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it “detects” a stimulus.

A

Sensation

Hint* Sensation detects

29
Q

The mental processing of sensory information when the brain “interprets” a sensation

A

Perception

Hint* Perception is trying to understand the sensation

30
Q

What development is involves intellectual and motor development?

A

Sensory development

31
Q

What sense develops during the last trimester of pregnancy and is already quite acute at birth; the most advanced of the newborn’s senses?

A

Hearing

32
Q

______ is the least mature sense at birth.

A

Vision / Sight

33
Q

Newborns focus only on objects between __ and ___ inches away

A

4 and 30 inches away

34
Q

the ability to coordinate the two eyes to see one image, appears at 3 months

A

Binocular vision

35
Q

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.

A

Gross motor skills

36
Q

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.

A

Fine motor skills

37
Q

_______ reduces risk of all infant diseases (including SIDS).

A

Breast-feeding

38
Q

_____________babies are less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease

A

Breast-fed

39
Q

_______ _____ adjusts to the baby’s changing nutritional needs

A

breast milk

40
Q

when not enough food of any kind is consumed

A

Protein-calorie

41
Q

being too short for your age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

A

Stunting

42
Q

being very underweight due to malnutrition

A

Wasting

43
Q

severe malnutrition during infancy where “child stops growing, tissues waste away and then usually dies”

A

Marasmus

44
Q

disease of “chronic malnutrition” during childhood where child becomes more prone to get other “diseases such as measles, diarrhea and influenza”

A

Kwashiorkor

45
Q
  • allows neurons to connect and communicate with other neurons
A

Transient Exuberance

46
Q

What increases the risk of SIDS?

A

Malnutrition

47
Q

By one year old a child weight ___ from birth

A

tripples

48
Q

A ____ is an average for a particular population

A

average

49
Q

Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep:

A

decreases

50
Q

Which of the following is a likely explanation for why first-born infants are more likely to exhibit sleep problems than later-borns?

A

1st borns receive more attention that disrupts sleep patterns

51
Q

which three factors enable toddlers to walk?

A

muscle strength, brain maturation and practice

52
Q

Ninety-five percent of all babies master walking by ____ months.

A

15

Psychology 235 (24 decks)

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