Chapter 5 Flashcards
Describe how the following are determined..
Average weight-
Average height-
Average weight- double birth w. by 4m.
Average height- grow 14 inches from birth to age 2
biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth
Head-sparing
The ______ is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
Brain
point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100.
50th percentile is the midpoint with ½ the sample being higher and ½ lower
Percentile
Average newborn sleeps __ hours per day
16
Specifics of sleep vary due to __, _______ and _____.
age, characteristics, and social environment
This type of sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, academic success and psychological adjustment
Ample sleep
this type of sleep involves dreaming, rapid brain waves
REM sleep
is quiet sleep, increases at 3-4 months
Slow-wave sleep
custom of parents and children sleeping in same room, more common in Asia, Africa and Latin America than in Western cultures
Co-sleeping
the outer layers of the brain.
Cortex
the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system
Neuron
a fiber that extends from a neuron and “transmits” electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
Axon
a fiber that extends from a neuron and “receives” electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.
Dendrite
the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
Synapse
a brain “chemical” that “carries information” from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
Neurotransmitter
- The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites in an infant’s brain from birth to age 2
Transient Exuberance
is followed by pruning where unused neurons and misconnected dendrites die
Transient Exuberance
______ on the brain ccurs in infants who are terrified and experience other forms of stress and can continue to adulthood
Stress
If brain produces too many stress hormones in infants, the brain will not be able to have normal ______ _____.
Stress responses.
What are the two “Experience-related aspects” of brain function:
- ) Experience-expectant
2. ) Experience-dependent
requires basic common experiences to “develop” normally (i.e. people who love them)
Experience-expectant
these happen to some infants but not all, not necessary for brain function (ex. language baby hears, swim lessons)
Experience-dependent
the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control
prefrontal cortex
a life-threatening injury occurring when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels and breaking neural connections .
Shaken baby syndrome
inborn drive to fix a developmental deficit
Self-righting
All people have __________ for physical and emotional imbalances
self-righting impulses
The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it “detects” a stimulus.
Sensation
Hint* Sensation detects
The mental processing of sensory information when the brain “interprets” a sensation
Perception
Hint* Perception is trying to understand the sensation
What development is involves intellectual and motor development?
Sensory development
What sense develops during the last trimester of pregnancy and is already quite acute at birth; the most advanced of the newborn’s senses?
Hearing
______ is the least mature sense at birth.
Vision / Sight
Newborns focus only on objects between __ and ___ inches away
4 and 30 inches away
the ability to coordinate the two eyes to see one image, appears at 3 months
Binocular vision
Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.
Gross motor skills
Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.
Fine motor skills
_______ reduces risk of all infant diseases (including SIDS).
Breast-feeding
_____________babies are less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease
Breast-fed
_______ _____ adjusts to the baby’s changing nutritional needs
breast milk
when not enough food of any kind is consumed
Protein-calorie
being too short for your age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
Stunting
being very underweight due to malnutrition
Wasting
severe malnutrition during infancy where “child stops growing, tissues waste away and then usually dies”
Marasmus
disease of “chronic malnutrition” during childhood where child becomes more prone to get other “diseases such as measles, diarrhea and influenza”
Kwashiorkor
- allows neurons to connect and communicate with other neurons
Transient Exuberance
What increases the risk of SIDS?
Malnutrition
By one year old a child weight ___ from birth
tripples
A ____ is an average for a particular population
average
Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep:
decreases
Which of the following is a likely explanation for why first-born infants are more likely to exhibit sleep problems than later-borns?
1st borns receive more attention that disrupts sleep patterns
which three factors enable toddlers to walk?
muscle strength, brain maturation and practice
Ninety-five percent of all babies master walking by ____ months.
15
