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Psychology 235 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is evoked by viewing human faces at __ weeks

A

Social smile 6 weeks:

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2
Q

____ is often associated with curiosity

A

Laughter 3 to 4 months

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3
Q

______ starts at 6 months and is healthy response to frustration

A

Anger

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4
Q

______ indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol ans is stressful for infants

A

Sadness

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5
Q

This emotion emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations

A

Fear

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6
Q

Where infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close

A

Stranger wariness

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7
Q

Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves. Passed 3 its an emotional disorder.

A

Separation anxiety

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8
Q

Name the age of these emotions:

  • Anger and fear become less frequent and more focused
  • Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating
  • New emotions appear: pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt
  • Requires an awareness of other people
  • Emerge from family interactions, influenced by the culture
A

Toddler’s

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9
Q

The realization that one’s body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

A

Self-awareness

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10
Q

Name the age:

Infants have no sense of self; may see themselves as part of their mothers.

A

4 months

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11
Q

Name the age:

Begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers.

A

5 months:

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12
Q

Classic experiment : Babies aged 9–24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses. 12 month olds did not notice. 15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses.

A

Mirror Recognition

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13
Q

The Classic experiment of Mirror Recognition was done by _______.

A

(M. Lewis & Brooks, 1978)

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14
Q

Emotional Self-regulation is directly connected to maturation of the ____ _____ ____.

A

anterior cingulate gyrus

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15
Q
  • Particular people begin to arouse specific emotions
  • Toddlers get angry when teased by an older sibling or react with fear when entering the doctor’s office.
  • Memory triggers specific emotions based on previous experiences.

Are all examples of _____ _____-________.

A

Emotional Self-Regulation

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16
Q

What regulates various bodily functions and hormone production?

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What happens to and infant’s Hypothalamus when stressed?

A

It grows slower

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18
Q

What is this form of chronic stress…?

Excessive stress in infants must be prevented
to prevent long-term effects on a child’s emotional development

A

Abuse

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19
Q

The following three ways to prevent stress on and infant or child.

A
  1. ) supporting new moms
  2. ) involving new fathers
  3. ) strengthening parents’ relationship
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20
Q

Infant: boundaries between sensory parts of the cortex are less distinct. _______ is when one sense triggers another in the brain

A

Synesthesia

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21
Q

_____-______ ________ is basis for early social understanding, infant associates textures with vision, sounds with smells, own body with the bodies of others

A

Cross-modal perception

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22
Q

________ of ________ is infant’s cry can be triggered by pain, fear, tiredness, or excitement; laughter can turn to tears and unpredictable because of the way infants’ brains are activated.

A

Synesthesia of emotions

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23
Q

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Coming from genes but affected by child-rearing practices

A

Temperament

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24
Q

The N.Y. Longitudinal Study found 4 categories of temperament

A

Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%)
Slow to warm up (15%)
Hard to classify (35%)

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25
Q

The following are the findings from what study?

Parenting practices are crucial, temperament can change or be changed

A

The N.Y. Longitudinal Study

26
Q

A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context
—–includes family, school, and community.

A

Goodness to Fit

27
Q
  • parents of difficult babies build a close relationship
  • parents of exuberant, curious infants learn to protect them from harm
  • parents of slow-to-warm-up toddlers give them time to adjust

is an example of….

A

Good Fit

28
Q

One of Freud’s psychoanalytic theories:

-Infant’s main pleasure comes from the anus (e.g. sensual pleasure of bowel movements and the psychological pleasure of controlling them)

What year?

A

Anal stage - 2nd year

29
Q

One of Freud’s psychoanalytic theories:

-The mouth is the young infant’s primary source of gratification

What year?

A

Oral Stage - 1st year

30
Q

If denied the infant urge to suck, may become an adult who is stuck (fixated) at the oral stage (e.g. eats, drinks, chews, bites, or talks excessively)

A

Oral Fixation

31
Q

Overly strict or premature toilet training may result in an adult with an unusually strong need for control, regularity and cleanliness

A

Anal Personality

32
Q

Conflicts or Oral and Anal stages

A

Oral Fixation and Anal Personality

33
Q

Erikson’s theories in the first 2 years of life:

A

Trust vs Mistrust
and
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

34
Q

Ericksons theory:

Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met

A

Trust verses Mistrust

35
Q

Ericksons theory: Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and bodies

A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

36
Q

Early problems can create an adult who is suspicious and pessimistic known as ______ or
who is easily shamed known as ___________ _________.

A

(mistrusting), (insufficient autonomy)

37
Q

Parents mold an infant’s emotions and personality through ‘reinforcement and punishment’

A

Behaviorism

38
Q
  • The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others
A

Social learning

39
Q

A person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by evidence that this working model of human behavior is erroneous.

The child’s interpretation of early experiences is more important than the experiences themselves.

New working models can be developed based on new experiences or reinterpretation of previous experiences.

Are Examples of

A

Working model

40
Q

*Part Cognitive theory:

a set of assumptions used to organize perceptions and experiences is….

A

Working model:

41
Q

______ is…
A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.
Example:
-Culture’s belief in reincarnation
-Children are not expected to show respect for adults, but adults must show respect for their reborn ancestors -indulgent child-rearing
-Perceived as extremely lenient by Western cultures

A

Ethnotheory

42
Q

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching

A

Proximal parenting

43
Q

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching

A

Distal parenting

44
Q

__________in the first few months

  • Becomes more frequent and more elaborate
  • Helps infants learn to read others’ emotions and to develop the skills of social interaction
  • begins with parents imitating infants
A

Synchrony

45
Q

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

A

Synchrony

46
Q

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant which causes babies stress

A

still-face technique

47
Q

A parent’s responsiveness to an infant aids psychological and biological development
Infants’ brains need social interaction to develop to their fullest

A

Conclusions:

48
Q

What are two things that happen when synchrony disappears?

A

Still face technique
and
Conclusions

49
Q

________ is a lasting emotional bond that one person has with another. Forms in infancy and influences future relationships

A

Attachment

50
Q

Infants show attachment in two ways…

A

proximity-seeking - approaching caregiver

contact-maintaining - touching, holding)

51
Q

An infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

A

Secure attachment:

52
Q

An infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.

A

Insecure-avoidant attachment:

53
Q

An infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

A

Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment:

54
Q

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

A

Disorganized attachment:

55
Q

What are the 4 attachments:

A

Insecure- avoidant

Secure

Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Disorganized

56
Q

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

A

Strange Situation

57
Q

When observing, what should a toddler do in these situations to be considered a secure attachment?

  1. ) Exploration of the toys.
  2. )Reaction to the caregiver’s departure.
  3. )Reaction to the caregiver’s return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver’s reappearance
A
  1. ) toddler plays happily.
  2. )misses the caregiver.
  3. ) welcomes the caregiver’s reappearance
58
Q

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions.

example: Mothers use a variety of expressions, vocalizations, and gestures to convey social information to their infants

A

Social referencing

59
Q

Child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it.

A

Family day care

60
Q

Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children.

-Usually the children are grouped by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development

A

Center day care

61
Q

The following are all good characteristics of:

  • Adequate attention to each infant
  • Encouragement of language and sensorimoter development
  • Attention to health and safety
  • Professional Care-givers
  • Warm and responsive care givers
A

High-quality Day Care

Psychology 235 (24 decks)

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