Chapter 2 & 4

Question 1

systematic statement of principles and generalizations, provides framework for understanding how and why ppl change as they grow older

Answer 1

Developmental Theory

Question 2

arise from preconceptions and everyday experience

Answer 2

Folk theories

Question 3

average or usual event or experience

Answer 3

normal

Question 4

includes psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive theories; comprehensive, enduring, widely applied

Answer 4

Grand theories

Question 5

A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior. Originated w Sigmund Freud (1856–1939).

Answer 5

Psychoanalytic theory

Question 6

Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis. His first five stages build on Freud’s theory; but he also described three adult stages.

Answer 6

Erikson’s ideas of Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 7

A theory of human development that studies observable behavior.

Also called learning theory as it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.

Answer 7

Behaviorism

Question 8

the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.

Answer 8

Conditioning -

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936); Type of Behaviorism, (also called respondent conditioning), a process in which a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with the same response as to the meaningful one.

Answer 9

Classical Conditioning

Question 10

B.F. Skinner (1904–1990), Type of Behaviorism, (also called instrumental conditioning) a learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired or by something unwanted.

Answer 10

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning -

Question 11

Increasing the probability of a response; A technique for conditioning behavior; Examples: -Food for a hungry animal, -A pat on the back for a job well done, -An A for a well written paper

Answer 11

What is reinforcement in Operant Conditioning?

Question 12

Albert Bandura (b. 1925); An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior.

Answer 12

Social Learning Theory-

Question 13

people learn by observing other people and then copying them.

Answer 13

modeling

Question 14

.

how effective people think they are when it comes to changing themselves or altering their social context.

Answer 14

Self-efficacy-

Question 15

Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect action., Focuses on changes in how people think over time., Jean Piaget (1896–1980)

Answer 15

Cognitive Theory

Question 16

A state of mental balance, no confusion; Interpret new ideas through past ideas; Needed for intellectual advancement; Easy equilibrium not always possible; If new experience is not understandable, cognitive disequilibrium can occur

Answer 16

Cognitive Equilibrium

Question 17

new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas;

Answer 17

Assimilation -

Question 18

old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences

Answer 18

Accommodation -

Question 19

two types of cognitive adaptation.

Answer 19

assimilation and accommodation

Question 20

Not a single theory but a framework; Inspired by how a computer works; How people think before they respond; How attention and thought affects mental function; Relationship between one person’s thinking and another’s

Answer 20

Information Processing theory

Question 21

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934); Development results from a person’s interaction with their social and cultural surroundings; Culture is integral to development; Apprenticeship in thinking: how cognition is “taught” by the older and more skilled

Answer 21

Sociocultural Theory

Question 22

how cognition is “taught” by the older and more skilled

Answer 22

“apprenticeship in thinking.”

Question 23

Made up of the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring; Learner needs help to master; Learning must be individualized

Answer 23

zone of proximal development.

Question 24

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), Carl Rogers (1902-1987); Stresses the potential of humans for good; All people have the same needs; Emphasize what people have in common

Answer 24

Humanism

Question 25

Based on Darwin’s ideas; Very controversial in psychological circles; Humans are more alike than different; Human development influenced by drives to survive and reproduce; Selective adaptation: process by which people adapt to their environment

Answer 25

Evolutionary Theory

Question 26

The approach taken by most developmentalists; Aspects of each of the various theories of development are applied rather than adhering exclusively to one

Answer 26

Eclectic Perspective

Question 27

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development? How long do each of them last? What develops during each stage?

Answer 27

Germinal (first 2 weeks after conception): Rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation; Embryonic (Wks 3-8): Basic forms of all body structures develop; Fetal (Wk 9 – birth): Fetus grows in size and matures in functioning

Question 28

Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS. Head takes shape. Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form. Heart begins to pulsate. Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate. Theses are the things that form ______

Answer 28

First

Question 29

When do sex organs appear?

Answer 29

Fetal Period

Question 30

baby born after 22 wks gestation?

Answer 30

Viable

Question 31

Rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation within hours of conception; Development of the placenta; Implantation (about 10 days after conception)

Answer 31

Germinal period

Question 32

What is the “Most Dangerous Journey” of the Germinal period?

Answer 32

First 10 days after conception; Period of time before implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall.

Question 33

What percent of pregnancies end in the embryonic period?

Answer 33

20%

Question 34

What percent of pregnancies end in the fetal period?

Answer 34

5%

Question 35

What percent of pregnancies reach birth?

Answer 35

31%

Question 36

9th week after conception until birth. Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in brain organization. Cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth. Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope. Cortex is not fully mature at birth. Brain at birth is biggest part of baby .

Answer 36

fetal period

Question 37

Rapid growth with considerable variation; Average: 3 months; 3 ounces; 3 inches; 9th week: SRY gene triggers development of sex organs; 3rd month: Neurological sex differences begin

Answer 37

3rd month of pregnancy

Question 38

similar to an X-ray but uses sound waves instead of radiation; used to determine gender of baby in 3rd month

Answer 38

Unltrasound

Question 39

Digestive and excretory system develop. Fingernails, toenails, and buds for teeth form, and hair grows (including eyelashes); Brain: Experiences rapid growth. Follows proximodistal sequence from brainstem to midbrain, to cortex. Develops many new neurons (neurogenesis) and synapses (synaptogenesis). Begins to regulate basic bodily functions as entire CNS becomes responsive happens during ___ month of pregnancy

Answer 39

3rd

Question 40

Involves expansion and contraction of lungs. Includes final maturation of heart valves, arteries, and veins. Provides time for extensive growth and folding in cortex
during…

Answer 40

last 3 months

Question 41

what happens in the first few minutes after birth

Answer 41

Usually cry spontaneously. Color changes from bluish to pinkish. Eyes open, fingers grab, toes stretch.

Question 42

Quick assessment of newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes. Completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth). Score of 0, 1, or 2 in each category. Desired score: 7 or above

Answer 42

Apgar scale

Question 43

Prenatal teratogens: Any agent or condition, including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complications; Behavioral teratogens: Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning

Answer 43

Prenatal teratogens:

Question 44

Certain teratogens are relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level;

Answer 44

threshhold effect

Question 45

Maintaining oxygen: Breathing, hiccupping, sneezing; Maintaining constant body temperature: Crying, shivering, tucking legs to body, pushing; Managing feeding: Sucking, rooting, swallowing

Answer 45

survival reflux

Question 46

When a newborn’s feet are stroked, the toes fan upward. . .

Answer 46

Babinski reflex.

Question 47

When newborns are held upright, feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk.

Answer 47

Stepping reflex.

Question 48

When held horizontally on their stomachs, newborns stretch out their arms and legs.

Answer 48

Swimming reflex.

Question 49

When something touches newborns’ palms, they grip it tightly

Answer 49

Palmar grasping reflex

Question 50

When someone bangs on the table they are lying on, newborns fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, crying with wide-open eyes.

Answer 50

Moro reflex.