Chapter 11 Flashcards
Middle Childhood -Biosocial
What is the healthiest period in childhood?
Middle Childhood - ages 6-11
Growth and Strengths
- Growth is slow and steady; self-care is easy
- Children depend less on their families
- Muscles become stronger, can run faster
- Are able to eat enough, or too much
- Earlier malnutrition is evident in height
- Improved medical and oral care in the U.S
Study Facts
The following are all benefits of __________ _________?
- Better overall health, including less asthma
- Less obesity
- Appreciation of cooperation and fair play
- Improved problem-solving ability
- Respect for teammates and opponents of many -ethnicities and nationalities
Physical Activity
Body mass index (BMI) is calculated by…
… A person’s body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile.
Overweight
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile.
Obesity
Social influences on obesity:
school lunches, snack machines, subsidies for corn oil but not fresh veggies, food advertising, etc.
Parenting influences on obesity:
infants not breast fed, too much T.V., drink soda, no exercise, poor family eating habits
___________can be genetically predisposed
Heredity
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes it difficult to breathe.
Signs and symptoms include :
wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Asthma
______________children are overprotected from viruses and bacteria
Contemporary
Some experts suggest a __________ _________ for the current increase in all allergies.
hygiene hypothesis
3 Preventions of Asthma
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Prevention of Asthma
-changes in society such as better ventilation, less pollution, etc.
Primary
Prevention of Asthma
-decrease among high-risk children by breast feeding, family exercise, less dust, smoke and cockroaches
Secondary:
Prevention of Asthma
-prompt use of injections, inhalers and hypoallergenic materials
Tertiary:
Maturing corpus callosum helps ______ and _____
balance and two-handed coordination
Myelination speeds up ______ and _______.
thought & behavior
Prefrontal cortex begins to ______,_____ and ______.
plan, monitor and evaluate
time it takes to respond to a stimulus physically or cognitively
Reaction time:
ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
Selective attention:
process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts & actions makes the sequence routine
Automatization:
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
Aptitude:
____ ______ is a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude.
IQ test:
Originally, intelligence was defined as ______age divided by __________ age, times 100–hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ.
Mental age divided by chronological age
_____ test is a measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
Achievement test:
The most important for school-age children is ________ aptitude, or the ability to learn in school, which is usually measured by an IQ test
intellectual aptitude
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.
Flynn effect -
Critisisms of testing
- No test can measure the complexities of the human brain
- Studies show that people inherit a set of abilities and not a general intellectual ability
- Scores on tests change
Facts to study
Robert Sternberg (1996) 3 multiple intelligences:
− Academic: IQ and achievement tests
− Creative: imaginative endeavors
− Practical: everyday problem solving
These are significant in adulthood when practical intelligence is more relevant than academic intelligence.
The three intelligences
Academic, Creative and Practical
Howard Gardner (1983, 1999, 2006)
− 9 intelligences are:
− people excel in some more than others − influential in education, especially with children
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential
Brain scan facts:
- One way to measure the mind is to measure the brain
- Interpretations of brain scans are controversial
- Brain fitness correlates with physical fitness
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Links the study of typical development with the study of disorders.
Developmental Psychopathology
presence of 2 or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person
Comorbid-
A condition in which a person is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive and thus has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
A condition where the person has extreme mood swings that are not caused by outside experiences.
Bipolar disorder:
A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation, or by an unusually stressful home environment.
Learning disability:
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.
Dyslexia:
developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption, and an inability to acquire normal speech.
Autism:
Any of several disorders characterized by impaired communication, inadequate social skills, and unusual patterns of play.
Autistic spectrum disorder:
disorder characterized by extreme attention to details and deficient social understanding.
Asperger syndrome-
Changing laws and practices:
−least restrictive environment (LRE)
−response to intervention
−individual education plan (IEP)
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