Chapter 14

Question 1

The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development.

Answer 1

Puberty

Question 2

How long does puberty last?

Answer 2

3-5 years

Question 3

A girl’s first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation.
*****Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.

Answer 3

Menarche-

Question 4

A boy’s first ejaculation of sperm.

*****Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production.

Answer 4

Spermarche-

Question 5

An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function. Various may influence thoughts, urges, emotions, and behavior.

Answer 5

Hormone

Question 6

A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands.

Answer 6

Pituitary

Question 7

Two glands, located above the kidneys that produce hormones, including the “stress hormones” epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine

Answer 7

Adrenal glands-

Question 8

A sequence of hormone production

and originates in the hypothalamus, moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands.

Answer 8

HPA (hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal) axis-

Question 9

The paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males)
produce hormones and gametes

Answer 9

Gonads-

Question 10

A sequence of hormone production

originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary gland and then to the gonads

Answer 10

HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis-

Question 11

A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen.

Females produce more estradiol than males do.

Answer 11

Estradiol-

Question 12

A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones).
Secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.

Answer 12

Testosterone-

Question 13

Normal levels of hormones can be between ages ___ to ____.

Answer 13

8 to 14

Question 14

About _____ of the variation in age of puberty is genetic.

Answer 14

2/3rds

Question 15

Data on puberty over the centuries reveals a dramatic example of a long-term statistical increase or decrease called a

** has stopped in developed nations, possibly due to nutrition.

Answer 15

secular trend.

Question 16

A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty.

**Levels increase during adulthood and peak at around age 12

Answer 16

Leptin

Question 17

Affects fertility and puberty by making reproduction more difficult though not all scientist agree

Answer 17

Stress

Question 18

Puberty arrives ______ if:
a child’s parents are sick, addicted or divorced
the neighborhood is violent and impoverished

Answer 18

earlier

Question 19

lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image is more common in _____-______ girls than later-maturing girls.

Answer 19

early-maturing girls

Question 20

________–_____ boys are more aggressive, lawbreaking, and alcohol-abusing than later-maturing boys.

Answer 20

Early-maturing boys

Question 21

_____developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex.

Answer 21

Slow

Question 22

____________of iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals affect bone and muscle growth don’t take and vitamins or minerals. They don’t choose the healthiest foods.

Answer 22

Deficiencies

Question 23

________ ________ is a person’s idea of how his or her body looks.

• One reason for poor nutrition is anxiety about body image.
• Girls diet partly because boys tend to prefer to date thin girls.
• Boys want to look taller and stronger, a concern that increases from ages 12 to 17, partly because girls value well-developed muscles in males

Answer 23

Body Image

Question 24

Characterized by self-starvation, affected individuals voluntarily under eat and often over exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal.

Answer 24

Anorexia nervosa-

Question 25

Characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.

Answer 25

Bulimia nervosa-

Question 26

The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty.

Answer 26

Growth Spurt

Question 27

The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.

Answer 27

Primary sex characteristics-

Question 28

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts.

Answer 28

Secondary sex characteristics-

Question 29

Compared to 100 years ago, adolescent sexual development is more hazardous, for five reasons:

1. Earlier puberty and weaker social taboos mean teens have sexual experiences at younger ages. Early sex correlates with depression and drug abuse.
2. Most contemporary teenage mothers have no husbands to help them, whereas many teenage mothers a century ago were married.
3. Raising a child has become more complex and expensive.
4. Mothers of teenagers are often employed and therefore less available as caregivers for their teenager’s child.
5. Sexually transmitted infections are more widespread and dangerous.

Answer 29

Facts

Question 30

Any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved.

Answer 30

Child sexual abuse

Question 31

A disease spread by sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV.

Answer 31

Sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Question 32

the instinctual and emotional areas develop before the reflective ones do such as….
The __________ -______ (fear, emotional impulses) matures before the _______ _______ (planning ahead, emotional regulation).

Answer 32

limbic system & prefrontal cortex

Question 33

When emotions are intense, especially when one is with peers, the logical part of the brain shuts down.

When stress, arousal, passion, sensory bombardment, drug intoxication, or deprivation is extreme, the adolescent brain is overtaken by impulses that might shame adults.

Answer 33

Neurological Development Facts

Question 34

Several aspects of adolescent brain development are positive:

-increased mylenation, which decreases reaction time

-enhanced dopamine activity, promoting
pleasurable experiences

-synaptic growth enhances moral development and openness to new experiences and ideas

Answer 34

facts