Chapter 20 Flashcards
Adulthood Biosocial
A gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient.
Senescence
Severe brain loss in middle age is usually due to 4 things? what are they?
Drug abuse
Poor circulation
Viruses
Genes
A loss of hearing that is associated with senescence and that usually does not become apparent until after age 60
Presbycusis
*Infertility is most common in nations where medical care is scarce and _____’s are common.
- United States: ___?___% of all couples are infertile
- Partly because many postpone childbearing
- Half of those trying to conceive in their 40s are infertile and the other half risk various complications
STI’s
15%
Multiple factors (e.g. advanced age, fever, radiation, prescription drugs, stress, environmental toxins, drug abuse, alcoholism, cigarette smoking) can reduce sperm number, shape, and motility occurs in_______
Males
________ can be affected by anything that impairs physical functioning (e.g. advanced age, diseases, smoking, extreme dieting, obesity).
______________can block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum.
Fertility
______________can block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum.
-Pelvic inflammatory disease
-Advances in medicine have solved about half of all fertility problems.
-Overcomes obstacles such as a low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes.
is_…….
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
- Procedure in which ova (egg cells) are surgically removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory.
- After the fertilized cells (the zygotes) have divided several times, they are inserted into the woman’s uterus….. DESCRIBES ____ ___ ___________
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
- Time in middle age (around age 50) when a woman’s menstrual periods cease completely and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops considerably.
- Dated to one year after a woman’s last menstrual period.
Menopause
- Treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at menopause or after removal of the ovaries.
- Usually involves estrogen and progesterone
- Minimizes menopausal symptoms and diminishes the risk of osteoporosis in later adulthood.
- Involves health risks.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
“male menopause”
*Coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, resulting in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass.
*Effectiveness of HRT is questionable.
Andropause
Tobacco:
- Cigarette smoking has declined in the U.S. over the past ___ years.
- Worldwide trends are less encouraging.
- Smoking rates rising in developing nations.
- Smoking-related cancers increasing throughout the world.
- Variations among nations, cohorts, and gender indicate smoking is affected by social norms, laws, and advertising.
50 years
- *****Heavy Drinking
- Increases the risk of violent death and is implicated in _____ diseases.
- Stark international variations in alcohol abuse.
- Binge drinking signals a problem
- —-About ___% of U.S. adults had five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past year.
- Disproportionate burden of harm in poorer countries
- —-Prevention and treatment strategies have not been fully established.
60; 20%
Only __% of U.S. adults eat three daily servings of vegetables.
27%
Highest rates of obesity and diabetes are in ____ _______
United states
__% of U.S. adults are overweight
Of those, 50% are obese and 5% morbidly obese
-Metabolism decreases by __\___rd between ages 20 and 60.
66%, 1\3rd
-Increase in obesity rates cannot be blamed on genes ____?____ influences are more important!
cultural influences
Any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed.
Stressor
A strategy to deal with stress by dealing with it directly.
Problem-focused coping
A strategy to deal with stress by changing feelings about the stressor.
Emotion-focused coping
- The total physiological stress that a person has
- A high load increases the risk of disease.
Allostatic load
Gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person.
Weathering
Measures that help prevent morbidity, mortality, and disability in the public at large. i.e. immunization, preventive health practices
Public Health
_Death; Usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population.
Mortality
Disease;
Refers to the rate of physical and emotional, acute (sudden), chronic (ongoing), and fatal diseases in a given population.
Morbidity
Long-term difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, emotional, or mental condition.
Disability
Measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic—physically, emotionally, and socially—an individual actually feels.
Vitality
A measure of the reduced quality of life caused by disability.
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
Comparing survival without vitality to survival with good health.
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)
