Chapter 20

Question 1

A gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient.

Answer 1

Senescence

Question 2

Severe brain loss in middle age is usually due to 4 things? what are they?

Answer 2

Drug abuse
Poor circulation
Viruses
Genes

Question 3

A loss of hearing that is associated with senescence and that usually does not become apparent until after age 60

Answer 3

Presbycusis

Question 4

*Infertility is most common in nations where medical care is scarce and _____’s are common.

• United States: ___?___% of all couples are infertile
• Partly because many postpone childbearing
• Half of those trying to conceive in their 40s are infertile and the other half risk various complications

Answer 4

STI’s

15%

Question 5

Multiple factors (e.g. advanced age, fever, radiation, prescription drugs, stress, environmental toxins, drug abuse, alcoholism, cigarette smoking) can reduce sperm number, shape, and motility occurs in_______

Answer 5

Males

Question 6

________ can be affected by anything that impairs physical functioning (e.g. advanced age, diseases, smoking, extreme dieting, obesity).

______________can block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum.

Answer 6

Fertility

Question 7

______________can block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum.

Answer 7

-Pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 8

-Advances in medicine have solved about half of all fertility problems.
-Overcomes obstacles such as a low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes.
is_…….

Answer 8

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Question 9

• Procedure in which ova (egg cells) are surgically removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory.
• After the fertilized cells (the zygotes) have divided several times, they are inserted into the woman’s uterus….. DESCRIBES ____ ___ ___________

Answer 9

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Question 10

• Time in middle age (around age 50) when a woman’s menstrual periods cease completely and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops considerably.
• Dated to one year after a woman’s last menstrual period.

Answer 10

Menopause

Question 11

• Treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at menopause or after removal of the ovaries.
• Usually involves estrogen and progesterone
• Minimizes menopausal symptoms and diminishes the risk of osteoporosis in later adulthood.
• Involves health risks.

Answer 11

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Question 12

“male menopause”
*Coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, resulting in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass.

*Effectiveness of HRT is questionable.

Answer 12

Andropause

Question 13

Tobacco:

• Cigarette smoking has declined in the U.S. over the past ___ years.
• Worldwide trends are less encouraging.
• Smoking rates rising in developing nations.
• Smoking-related cancers increasing throughout the world.
• Variations among nations, cohorts, and gender indicate smoking is affected by social norms, laws, and advertising.

Answer 13

50 years

Question 14

• *****Heavy Drinking
• Increases the risk of violent death and is implicated in _____ diseases.
• Stark international variations in alcohol abuse.
• Binge drinking signals a problem
• —-About ___% of U.S. adults had five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past year.
• Disproportionate burden of harm in poorer countries
• —-Prevention and treatment strategies have not been fully established.

Answer 14

60; 20%

Question 15

Only __% of U.S. adults eat three daily servings of vegetables.

Answer 15

27%

Question 16

Highest rates of obesity and diabetes are in ____ _______

Answer 16

United states

Question 17

__% of U.S. adults are overweight
Of those, 50% are obese and 5% morbidly obese
-Metabolism decreases by __\___rd between ages 20 and 60.

Answer 17

66%, 1\3rd

Question 18

-Increase in obesity rates cannot be blamed on genes  ____?____ influences are more important!

Answer 18

cultural influences

Question 19

Any situation, event, experience, or other stimulus that causes a person to feel stressed.

Answer 19

Stressor

Question 20

A strategy to deal with stress by dealing with it directly.

Answer 20

Problem-focused coping

Question 21

A strategy to deal with stress by changing feelings about the stressor.

Answer 21

Emotion-focused coping

Question 22

• The total physiological stress that a person has

- A high load increases the risk of disease.

Answer 22

Allostatic load

Question 23

Gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person.

Answer 23

Weathering

Question 24

Measures that help prevent morbidity, mortality, and disability in the public at large. i.e. immunization, preventive health practices

Answer 24

Public Health

Question 25

_Death; Usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population.

Answer 25

Mortality

Question 26

Disease;
Refers to the rate of physical and emotional, acute (sudden), chronic (ongoing), and fatal diseases in a given population.

Answer 26

Morbidity

Question 27

Long-term difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, emotional, or mental condition.

Answer 27

Disability

Question 28

Measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic—physically, emotionally, and socially—an individual actually feels.

Answer 28

Vitality

Question 29

A measure of the reduced quality of life caused by disability.

Answer 29

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

Question 30

Comparing survival without vitality to survival with good health.

Answer 30

Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)