Chapter 15

Question 1

An aspect of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

Answer 1

Adolescent egocentrism

Question 2

An adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s.

Answer 2

Personal fable

Question 3

An adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

Answer 3

Invincibility fable

Question 4

The other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior.
-This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious

Answer 4

Imaginary audience

Question 5

-Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas.

Answer 5

Formal operational thought

Question 6

-Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality. Reasoning about if-then propositions.

Answer 6

Hypothetical thought

Question 7

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  reasoning (top-down reasoning)
Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics.

Answer 7

Deductive reasoning

Question 8

________reasoning (bottom-up reasoning)
***Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction.

Answer 8

Inductive

Question 9

The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli.

****Adolescents find it much easier and quicker to forget about logic and follow their impulses.

Answer 9

Dual-process model

Question 10

Arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.

Answer 10

Intuitive thought

Question 11

Results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Depends on logic and rationality.

Answer 11

Analytic thought

Question 12

Mistaken belief that when a person has spent money, time or effort that cannot be recovered, they should continue to try to achieve the goal so that effort was not wasted.

*****i.e. staying in a class that you are failing

Answer 12

Sunk cost fallacy

Question 13

A common fallacy in which a person ignores the overall frequency of a behavior or characteristic in making a decision.

******i.e. not wearing a bike helmet, despite statistics, until a friend is brain-damaged in a biking accident

Answer 13

Base rate neglect

Question 14

Most adolescents (71%) felt close to God
Most (78 %) were the same religion as their parents
Some adolescents (2%) are agnostic
Others (16%) are not religious
Adolescent religious beliefs tend to be egocentric, faith being a personal tool

Answer 14

Religious facts

Question 15

The period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variations by school and by nation.

Answer 15

Secondary education

Question 16

A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school, usually grades 6-8.

Answer 16

Middle school

Question 17

• occurs via Internet insults and rumors, texting, anonymous phone calls, and video embarrassment.
• Some fear that the anonymity provided by electronic technology brings out the worst in people.
• One expert on bullying believes that cyberbullying is similar to other forms, new in mode but not in intent or degree of harm.

Answer 17

Cyberbullying

Question 18

The ______ from one school to another often impairs a young person’s ability to function and learn.

Changing schools just when the growth spurt is occurring and sexual characteristics are developing is bound to create stress.

Answer 18

transition

Question 19

• An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure.
• A single test that determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted
• In 2009, 26 U.S. states required students to pass a high-stakes test in order to graduate

is called

Answer 19

High-stakes test

Question 20

1/3 of U.S. high school students and 2/3 worldwide do not go to ______

Answer 20

college