Chapter 8

Question 1

What are the growth patterns and body changes for ages 2 - 6?

Answer 1

• Children become slimmer and lower body lengthens.
• grow almost 3 inches and gain about 4 1⁄2 pounds annually.
• Center of gravity moves from the breastbone to the belly button.

Question 2

Children in low-income families are especially vulnerable to _______ - cultures still guard against undernutrition and parents may rely on fast foods.

Answer 2

Obesity

Question 3

What is more of a problem than malnutrition

Answer 3

Obesity

Question 4

_________________ is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity
Such as heart disease and diabetes

Answer 4

Over-Feeding

Question 5

Children need far fewer _________ per pound of body weight than infants do.

Answer 5

Calories

Question 6

Children want foods that are high in ___,_____, and _____. Adults give in and award with candy

Answer 6

fat, salt, and sugar.

Question 7

Too much sugar and too little _____ rot the teeth.

Answer 7

Fiber

Question 8

_______ _______ is the most common disease of young children in developed nations and
affects more than 1/3rd of all children under age 6 in the U.S.

Answer 8

Tooth decay

Question 9

• preferred to have things done in a certain order or way
• had a strong preference to wear (or not wear) certain clothes
• prepared for bedtime by engaging in a special activity or routine
• had strong preferences for certain foods

ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF….

Answer 9

“Just Right” tendency

Question 10

Some children only eat certain foods, prepared and presented in a particular way.
Would be pathological in adults but is normal in children under ___
“just right”

Answer 10

6

Question 11

The responses of 1,500 parents surveyed about their 1- to 6-year-olds (Evans et al., 1997) indicated that over _____ of the 3-year-olds evidenced some this tendency, they:

Answer 11

75%

Question 12

By age 2, the brain weighs 75% of what it will in adulthood because extensive _____ and then _________of dendrites has already taken place.

Answer 12

sprouting ; pruning

Question 13

The brain reaches ____% of adult weight by age 6.

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

The primary reason for faster thinking is new and extensive _________.

Answer 14

myelination

Question 15

_______ is a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons.

Answer 15

Myelin

Question 16

The ________ _________, a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain, grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood.

Answer 16

corpus callosum

Question 17

Growth of the corpus callosum makes ___________ between the two brain hemispheres more efficient

Answer 17

communication

Question 18

is literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity.

Answer 18

Lateralization-

Question 19

• Handedness is genetic and cultural
• Difference-equals-deficit-error: many cultures believe being right-handed is better than being left-handed
• Customs favor the right hand
• Switching a child’s handedness may interfere with lateralization

Answer 19

The Left Handed Child

Question 20

The following are all benefits of what during ages 2-6?

• sleep becomes more regular
• emotions become more nuanced and responsive
• temper tantrums subside

Answer 20

maturation of the prefrontal cortex

Question 21

maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows children to focus attention and curb _________

Answer 21

impulsiveness

Question 22

Apart of maturation of the prefrontal cortex, In a phenomenon called __________, some children persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action, unable to quit.

Answer 22

perseveration

Question 23

• Before such maturation of the prefrontal cortex, many young children jump from task to task; they cannot stay __________. Lack focus

Answer 23

quiet

Question 24

A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

Answer 24

Amygdala-

Question 25

• A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.

Answer 25

Hippocampus

Question 26

A brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.

Answer 26

Hypothalamus

Question 27

Improved Moter Skills

• By age 6, most North Americans ride tricycles; climb ladders; pump their legs on swings; and throw, catch, and kick balls.
• Muscle growth, brain maturation, and guided practice advance every gross motor skill.
• Practice improves dexterity and advances fine motor skills, which involve small body movements.

Answer 27

powerpoint facts to study

Question 28

Pollutants do more harm to young than older people while some substances including lead, pesticides, BPA in plastic and secondhand smoke are proven to be harmful to children’s ________ _______ .

Answer 28

brain development

Question 29

• More difficult to master than gross motor skills
• Many involve two hands and both sides of the brain
• Typically mature about 6 months earlier in girls than boys

Answer 29

Fine Motor Skills

Question 30

• Accidents are the leading cause of death worldwide for people under age 40.
• Among 2- to 6-year-olds in the United States, four times more children die in accidents than die of cancer, the second most common cause of death.

Answer 30

Injuries

Question 31

is Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities

Answer 31

Injury control/harm reduction-

Question 32

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.

Answer 32

Primary prevention

Question 33

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections.

Answer 33

Secondary prevention

Question 34

Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness, injury, or abuse) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability.

Answer 34

Tertiary prevention-

Question 35

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

Answer 35

Child maltreatment

Question 36

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

Answer 36

Child abuse

Question 37

Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

Answer 37

Child neglect

Question 38

harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities, up to 3.5 million a year in the U.S.

Answer 38

Reported Maltreatment:

Question 39

harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated and verified, 1 in 80 children in the U.S.

Answer 39

Substantiated Maltreatment:

Question 40

The following are all signs of ________ ______

• Delayed development, slow growth
• Post-traumatic stress disorder: child is fearful, startled by noise, defensive, etc.
• Fantasy play around violence and sex
• Repeated injuries, physical complaints
• Hyper vigilance, absences from school
• Fear of caregiver, going home of what?

Answer 40

Child abuse

Question 41

The following are all signs of ____ _______.

• children suffer physiologically, academically, and socially in every culture.
• children come to consider other people to be hostile and exploitative, making them fearful, aggressive, and lonely.
• The earlier abuse starts and the longer it continues, the worse their peer relationships are.

Answer 41

Child maltreatment

Question 42

• any measure that reduces financial stress, family isolation, and unwanted parenthood.

Answer 42

Primary prevention

Question 43

home visits by nurses, high-quality day care, and preventive social work—all designed to help high-risk families.

Answer 43

Secondary prevention

Question 44

reduces harm when maltreatment has already occurred. Requires permanency planning, an effort to find a long-term solution to the problem.

Answer 44

Tertiary prevention

Question 45

maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs.

Answer 45

Foster care

Question 46

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

Answer 46

Kinship care

Question 47

A legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the obligations and joys of parenthood.

Answer 47

Adoption