Chapter 2-13 terms Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
___________ is the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons
A
Myelination
2
Q
Is a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and the left hemispheres of the brain
A
Corpus callosum
3
Q
Refers to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain.
A
Laterization
4
Q
Is the ability to postpone the immediate response to an idea or behavior
A
Impulse control
5
Q
Is the tendency to stick to one thought or action for a long time. And young children, this is a normal product of immature brain functions
A
Preseveration
6
Q
Part of the brains limbic system, the ______________ registers emotion, particular fear and anxiety
A
Amygdala
7
Q
____________ is part of the brains limbic system that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations
A
Hippocampus
8
Q
Is the practice of limiting the extent of injuries by anticipating, controlling and preventing dangerous activities.
A
Injury control/ harm reduction
9
Q
Refers to actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstances
A
Primary Prevention
10
Q
Involves actions that avert harm in high-risk situations
A
Secondary Prevention
11
Q
Involves actions taken after an adverse event occurs, aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability
A
Tertiary Prevention
12
Q
Is intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment if anyone under age 18
A
Child Maltreatment
13
Q
Refers to deliberate actions that are harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
A
Child abuse
14
Q
Refers to failure to appropriately me a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs
A
Child neglect
15
Q
Child maltreatment that has been officially reported to authorities, investigated and verified is called
A
Substantiated Maltreatment
16
Q
Child maltreatment that has been officially reported to the police or other authorities is
A
Reported maltreatment
17
Q
Is in anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to an extreme Trumatic stress her. Symptoms of this include hyperactivity and hyper vigilance, sleeplessness so I didn’t care or anxiety, and confusion between fantasy and reality
A
Post Trumatic stress disorder PTSD
18
Q
Is planning for the long-term care of a child who has experienced substantiated Maltreatment
A
Permanency planning
19
Q
Is legally sanctioned, publicly supported arrangement in which children are removed from their biological parents and temporarily given to another adult to nurture
A
Foster care
20
Q
It’s a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes the child’s approved caregiver
A
Kinship care
21
Q
Is a legal procedure in which an adult or couple is granted the obligations and joys of being the parents of an unrelated child
A
Adoption
22
Q
Piagets theory about thinking between the ages of two and six, mostly involves language and imagination. Children can not yet preform logical operations or logical principles
A
Pre-operational intelligence
23
Q
Allows children to understand that words can be symbols that refer to things they cannot see
A
Symbolic thought
24
Q
Is the believe that natural objects and phenomena are alive
A
Animism
25
Is the tendency of preoperational children to focus only on a single aspect of a situation or objects
Centration
26
Is Piaget's term for a type of centration in which pre-operational children view the world exclusively from their own perspective
Egocentrism
27
Refers to the preoperational child's tendency to focus only on a parent attributes and ignore all others
Focus on appearance
28
Preoperational thinking in which the young child sees the world as unchanging
Static reasoning
29
Is the characteristic of Preoperational thought in which the young child fails to recognize that a process can be reversed to Restore The original conditions of a situation
Irreversibility
30
Is the understanding that the amount of quantity of a substance or object is unaffected by changes in its appearance
Conservation
31
Vygotsky says each individual has this. Which represents the skills cognitive and physical that are within the potential of the learner but cannot be performed independently
Zone of proximal development Z PD
32
Tutors use this to structure children's learning experiences in order to foster their emerging capabilities
Scaffolding
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Is the comment tendency of 2 to 6-year-olds to imitate a double actions that are irrelevant and inefficient
Overimitation
34
Is the tendency of young children to attempt to construct theories to explain everything the experience
Theory-theory
35
Is an understanding of human mental processes that is of one's own or another's emotions believe intentions motives and thoughts
Theory of mind
36
Is the speedy and sometimes imprecise process by which children learn new words by tentatively connecting them to words and categories that they already understand
Fast mapping
37
Occurs when children apply rules or grammar when they should not. It is seen in English for example when children add us to the form the plural even in your regular places that form the plural in a different way
Overregulation
38
Refers to the practical adjusting of language according to the audience and contexts
Pragmatics
39
Is a person who is equally fluent in two languages
Balanced bilingual
40
Offers early childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori
Montessori schools
41
A theme is childhood program education that came from Italy and encourages each child's creativity
Reggio Emilia
42
Is a federally funded early childhood interventionprogram for low income children
Headstart
43
__________________ are children who develop skills in two languages
Dual language learners DLL
44
Is the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
Emotional regulation
45
Is the ability to regulate one's actions and emotions
Hint* this person is making an effort
Effortful control
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This is Ericksons crisis of early childhood that young children eagerly take on new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
Initiative versus guilt
47
Refers to people's understanding of who they are
Self concept
48
Is the internal goals or drives to accomplish something for the joy of doing it
Intrinsic motivation
49
Is the need for rewards from outside such as material possessions
Extrinsic motivation
50
Make-believe friends common among children between three and seven
Imaginary friends
51
Is an illness or disorder of the mind
Psychopathology
52
Young children who have this have trouble regulating emotions and uncontrollably lash out at other people or things
Externalizing problems
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These children tend to be more fearful in with Ronn as a consequence of their tendencies to keep their emotions bottled up inside themselves
Internalizing problems
54
Is it physical play that often mimics aggression but involves no intent to harm
Rough and tumble play
55
Children act out rolls and themes and stories of their own creation allowing them to rehearse social roles, practice regulating their emotions, test their ability to convince others of their ideas, develop a self concept in a nonthreatening context
Sociodramatic play
56
Baumrinds term for A style of child rearing in which the parents show little affection or nutrients or their children, maturity demands are high and parents our communication is low
Authoritarian parenting
57
Someone who is in authoritarian demands unquestioning obedience and ask in a dictatorial way
Memory aid
58
Baumrinds term for a style of Child rearing in which the parents make few demands on their children, yet are nurturant and expecting and communicate well with their child
Permissive parenting
59
Baumrinds term for is that out of child rearing in which the parent set limits and enforce rules but are willing to listen to the child's ideas and are flexible
Authoritative parenting
60
Baumrinds term for and approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent towards their children
Neglectful/uninvolved parenting
61
Biological differences between males and females
Sex differences
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Cultural differences in the "roles" and behavior of males and females
Gender differences
63
In the psychoanalytic theory this is the third stage of psychosexual development, in which the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
Phallic stage
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Freud psycho social development theory where boys in the phallic stage develop feelings and sexual attraction to their mother and resentment of the father
Oedipus complex
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In the psychoanalytic theory this is the judge mental part of personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents
Superego
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Freud's phallic stage where girls develop a connection of feelings that center on sexual attraction to the father and resentment of the mother
Electra complex
67
In Freud's theory this is a means of defending oneself concepts by taking on good behavior and attitudes of another person
Identification
68
In the cognitive theory this is the child understanding of sex differences
Gender schema
69
Is a persons understanding of other peoples feelings and concerns
Empathy
70
Is a persons feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
Antipathy
71
A type of behavior that involves feelings and actions that are deliberately hurtful or distractive to another person
Antisocial behavior
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A type of behavior that involves feelings and actions that are helpful and kind but without any obvious benefit
Prosocial behavior
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Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep a possession or privilege that another person has
Instrumental aggression
74
Impulsive retaliation for some intentional or accidental act, verbal or physical by another person
Hint** in response to
Reactive aggression
75
Involves insults and other non-physical acts aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
Relational aggression
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And unprovoked, repeated the physical or verbal attack on another person
Bullying aggression
77
Is a form of discipline that involves threatening to with drawl love and support from a child
Psychological control
78
It's a form of discipline in which a child is required to stop all activity and sit quiet apart from other people for a few minutes
Time-out
79
A systemic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older
Developmental theory
80
Is an average typical or standard level of development among a large group of individuals
Norm
81
A grand theory, interprets human development in terms of inner drives and motives, many of which are irrational and unconscious
Psychoanalytic theory
82
A grand theory, emphasizes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned also called learning theory
Behaviorism
83
Is the learning process that occurs either through the association of to stimulus (classic conditioning) or through the use of positive or negative reinforcement or punishment (operant conditioning)
Conditioning
84
Is the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful one so that both are responded to in the same way
Also known as responded conditioning
Classic conditioning
85
Is the process by which a response is gradually learn through reinforcement or punishment also called the instrumental conditioning
Operant conditioning
86
Is the process by which a particular action is followed by something desired which makes a person or animal more likely to repeat the action
Reinforcement
87
And extension of behavioralism that emphasizes that people often learn new behaviors through observation and imitation of other people
Social learning theory
88
Refers to the process by which we observe other people's behavior and then copy it
Modeling
89
A grande theory, emphasize is that the way people think and understand the world see if their attitude, beliefs, and behaviors.
Cognitive theory
90
Is a state of mental balance, and which a person thoughts about the world seem not to clash with each other or with his or her experiences
In Piaget's theory
Cognitive equilibrium
91
Part of Piaget's theory ... is the process by which new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas.
Assimilation
92
In piaget's theory, is the process in with all the ideas a reconstructed do you have incorporate new experiences
Accommodation
93
Is a perspective that compares human thinking processes to the way a computer analyzes data
Information processing
94
Seeks to explain development as a result of a dynamic interaction between developing person and the surrounding social and cultural forces
Sociocultural theory
95
In vygotskys view ... is the process by which each person develops new competencies by learning from skilled mentor or tutors
Apprenticeship in thinking
96
In the social cultural theory, this is the process by which people learn from others who "guide" their efforts
Guided participation
97
Is a theory that stresses the shared basic needs of all people in the potential of all humans for good
Humanism
98
Is the process by which humans and other species gradually adjust to their environment. Whether a genetic trait increases or decreases over generations depends on the whether it contributes to survival and reproductive ability
Selective adaptation
99
Accepting elements from several theories, instead of adhering to only a single perspective
Eclectic perspective
100
The first two weeks of development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division in the beginning of cell differentiation, are called the ______________ period.
Germinal Period
101
A __________ cell is one from which a new organism can develop during the germinal., First stage in development of the new organism
Germ cell
102
Is approximately the third through the eighth week of prenatal development, when the basic forms of all body structures develop
Embryonic Period
103
From the ninth week after conception until birth, when the organs grow in size & mature and functioning
Fetal Period
104
Is the process by which The Zygote burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected during growth.
Implantation
105
Is the name given to the developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception
Embryo
106
Is the name for the developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth
Fetus
107
Is an image of an unborn fetus or an internal organ produced with high-frequency sound waves, also called sonogram
Ultrasound
108
About 22 weeks after conception the fetus reaches _______ of _______ at which point it has at least some slight chance of survival outside the uterus if specialized medical care is available
Age of viability
109
Newborns are rated at one minute and then at five minutes after birth according to the ___________ _______. this scale assigns a score of 0,1,2 in 5 characteristics: breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, color, reflexes
Apgar scale
110
The fetus is removed from the mother surgically
C-section
111
Is a woman who works alongside medical staff to assist a woman through labor, delivery, breast-feeding, and newborn care
Doula
112
r agents and conditions, such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, extreme stress, and Malnutrition, that can impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects or even death
Teratogens
113
Our agents and conditions that can damage the pre-needle brain, impairing the future child is intellectual and emotional functioning
Behavioral Teratogens
114
Is a harmful effect of a substance that occurs when exposure to it releases a certain level
Threshold effect
115
Prenatal alcohol exposure may cause this, a cluster of birth defects that includes abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, behavior problems, and retarded mental development
Fetal alcohol syndrome
116
A birth weight of less than 5 1/2 pounds is considered this. Infants are at risk for many immediate and long-term problems
Low birth weight LBW
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I birth weight of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces is called
Very low birth weight VLBW
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A birthweight less than 2 pounds, 5 ounces is called
Extremely low birth weight ELBW
119
When an infant is born three or more weeks before the due date it is said to be
Preterm birth
120
Infants who way substantially less than they should, given how much time has passed since conception Are called
Small for gestational age capital SGA
121
Is a muscular control disorder caused by damage to the brains and motor centers during or before birth
Cerebral palsy
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Is a temporary lack of oxygen during the birth process that if prolonged can cause brain damage or death to the baby
Anoxia
123
As an unlearned involuntary action or movement emitted in response to a specific stimulus
Reflex
124
Refers to the phenomenon in which father's experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth
Couvade 🤣
125
Is a new mother is feeling of sadness in adequacy in the days and weeks after giving birth
Postpartum depression
126
Refers to the cooperation and mutual support between mother and father
Parental alliance
127
Describes the strong feelings of attachment between parent and child in early moments
Parent – infant bond
128
Occurs when the mother of a low birth weight infant spends at least one hour a day holding her infant between her breasts
Kangaroo care
129
Any point of a ranking scale of 0 to 100, are often used to compare a child's development to group norms and to his or her own prior development
Percentile
130
Is a biological mechanism in which the brain continues to grow even though the body stops growing in a Malnourished child
Head-sparing
131
Nerve cells, are the main components of the central nervous system, especially the brain
Neurons
132
Is the outer layers of the brain that is involved in most thinking, feeling, and sensing
Cortex
133
Is the Area of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control
Prefrontal cortex
134
Is the nerve fiber that sends electrochemical impulses from one neuron to the dendrites of author neurons
Axon
135
Is a Nerve fiber that receives the electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
Dendrite
136
Is the point at which the axon of a sending neuron meets the dendrites of the receiving neuron
Synapse
137
Our chemicals in the brain that carry messages from the axon I'll be sending neuron to the dendrite of a receiving neuron
Neurotransmitter
138
Is the pathway across which Neurotransmitters carry information between neurons
Synaptic gap
139
Is the dramatic but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infants brain over the first two years of life
Transient exuberance
140
Is the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die
Pruning
141
Are those that require basic common experiences in order to develop normallly
Experience – expectant
142
Are those that depend on particular invariable experiences such as language in order to develop
Experience dependent
143
Is the inborn drive to remedy a deficit in development
Self – righting
144
Is the response of a sensory system in which it detects a stimulus
Sensation
145
Is the process by which the brain tries to make sense of a stimulus such that the individual becomes aware of it
Perception
146
Is the ability to use both eyes in coordination in order to see when Image
Binocular vision
147
I learned abilities to move specific parts of the body
Motor skills
148
Results when a person does not consume enough food
Protein-calorie malnutrition
149
Is the failure of children who are chronically malnourished to grow to a normal height for their age
Stunting
150
Malnourished child is severely underweight
Wasting
151
Severe protein calorie deficiency growth. Body tissues waste away and infant dies
Maramus
152
Protein calorie deficiency where child's face legs and abdomen is well with fluid and becomes vulnerable to other diseases
KWASHIORKOR
153
Between two and six months child suddenly stopped breathingin dies while sleeping
SIDS
154
Piagets stages... 0-2yrs
| I based on his theory that infants think exclusively with their senses and motor skills
Sensorimotor intelligence
155
Piagets theory
A type of feedback loop and sensory motor intelligence involving the incense own body and wins and fence take in experiences such as sucking and grasping and try to make sense of them
Primary circular reactions
156
A type of feedback loop in sensorimotor intelligence involving the infants response to objects in other people
Secondary circular reactions
157
Is the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen touch or heard
Object permanence
158
The most sophisticated type of infant feedback loop in sensorimotor intelligence involving active exploration and experimentation
Tertiary Circular reactions
159
Occurs 12 to 18 months learns the properties of objects in the world through active experimentation
Little scientist
160
The ability of infants to perceive and later copy a behavior they notice hours or days earlier
Ydeferred imitation
161
The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it
Habituation
162
Brain cells that respond to an action performed by another person in the same way they would if the absorber were performing the action
mirror neurons
163
measuring technique in which the the brains electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain
Fmri
164
Is a theory of human cognition that compares thinking do you know ways in which a computer analyzes data through the processes of sensory input connection is stored memories and out but
Information – processing theory
165
The opportunity to interact with people objects or places
Affordances
166
Illusion of a sudden drop off between one Horizon surface in another
Visual cliff
167
Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits emotional responses routine procedures and various sensations
Implicit memory
168
Memory that is easy to retrieve on-demand usually with words
Explicit memory
169
Used form of speech used by adults when talking to infants high-pitched
Child direct speech
170
Begins between 6 to 9 months of age is characterized by the extended repetition of certain syllabuses such as mama
Babbling
171
A single word used to convey a meaningful thought
Holophrase
172
Infants vocabulary increases at 18 months of age
Naming explosion
173
Form of language that includes rules or word order verb forms
Grammar
174
The average words a child says in a sentence
Length of utterance (MLU)
175
Chomsky' theory children possess this which is a helper for sized a mental structure that enables them to acquire language including the basic aspects of grammar language in Innovacion
Language acquisition device LED
176
Occurs when an infants miles in response to a human face at six weeks
Social smile
177
And on familiar person at nine months
Stranger wearing his
178
A persons realization of themselves
Self – awareness
179
Individuals differences in emotions activity and self-regulation
Temperament
180
Coordinated rabbit and smooth interaction between caregiver an infant and helps infant learn to express and read emotions
Synchrony
181
Infant has comfort and confidence from the base of expiration provided by a caregiver
Secure attachment type B
182
Infant doesn't care about the presence of the caregiver or departure
Insecure – avoidant attachment Type A
183
An infant residence active expiration become so very upset when the caregiver leaves and business and six contact when the caregiver return
Insecure resistant /ambivalent attachment type C
184
Inconsistent infant caregiver interactions that is neither secure or insecure
Disorganized attachment
185
Experiment where stranger and mother move in and out of the room
Strange situation
186
Infants look for emotional cues from adults
Social referencing
187
Infantslearn whether the world is a sensual really a secure place in which basic needs will be met
Trust versus mistrust
188
Ericksons theory where toddler's drive to roll their own actions and body
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
189
Learning by observing others
Social learning
190
A cognitive theory where infants use early social relationships to develop a set of assumptions that organize their perceptions and experiences
Working model
191
There are two types of parenting. The first one involves close physical contact between child and parent and the second one involves remaining distant from a baby
Proximal parenting and distal parenting
192
The care of children by people other than their biological parents
Allocare
