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Psychology 235 > Chapter 2-13 terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2-13 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

___________ is the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons

A

Myelination

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2
Q

Is a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and the left hemispheres of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

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3
Q

Refers to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain.

A

Laterization

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4
Q

Is the ability to postpone the immediate response to an idea or behavior

A

Impulse control

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5
Q

Is the tendency to stick to one thought or action for a long time. And young children, this is a normal product of immature brain functions

A

Preseveration

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6
Q

Part of the brains limbic system, the ______________ registers emotion, particular fear and anxiety

A

Amygdala

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7
Q

____________ is part of the brains limbic system that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

A

Hippocampus

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8
Q

Is the practice of limiting the extent of injuries by anticipating, controlling and preventing dangerous activities.

A

Injury control/ harm reduction

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9
Q

Refers to actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstances

A

Primary Prevention

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10
Q

Involves actions that avert harm in high-risk situations

A

Secondary Prevention

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11
Q

Involves actions taken after an adverse event occurs, aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability

A

Tertiary Prevention

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12
Q

Is intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment if anyone under age 18

A

Child Maltreatment

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13
Q

Refers to deliberate actions that are harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

A

Child abuse

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14
Q

Refers to failure to appropriately me a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

A

Child neglect

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15
Q

Child maltreatment that has been officially reported to authorities, investigated and verified is called

A

Substantiated Maltreatment

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16
Q

Child maltreatment that has been officially reported to the police or other authorities is

A

Reported maltreatment

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17
Q

Is in anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to an extreme Trumatic stress her. Symptoms of this include hyperactivity and hyper vigilance, sleeplessness so I didn’t care or anxiety, and confusion between fantasy and reality

A

Post Trumatic stress disorder PTSD

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18
Q

Is planning for the long-term care of a child who has experienced substantiated Maltreatment

A

Permanency planning

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19
Q

Is legally sanctioned, publicly supported arrangement in which children are removed from their biological parents and temporarily given to another adult to nurture

A

Foster care

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20
Q

It’s a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes the child’s approved caregiver

A

Kinship care

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21
Q

Is a legal procedure in which an adult or couple is granted the obligations and joys of being the parents of an unrelated child

A

Adoption

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22
Q

Piagets theory about thinking between the ages of two and six, mostly involves language and imagination. Children can not yet preform logical operations or logical principles

A

Pre-operational intelligence

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23
Q

Allows children to understand that words can be symbols that refer to things they cannot see

A

Symbolic thought

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24
Q

Is the believe that natural objects and phenomena are alive

A

Animism

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25
Q

Is the tendency of preoperational children to focus only on a single aspect of a situation or objects

A

Centration

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26
Q

Is Piaget’s term for a type of centration in which pre-operational children view the world exclusively from their own perspective

A

Egocentrism

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27
Q

Refers to the preoperational child’s tendency to focus only on a parent attributes and ignore all others

A

Focus on appearance

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28
Q

Preoperational thinking in which the young child sees the world as unchanging

A

Static reasoning

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29
Q

Is the characteristic of Preoperational thought in which the young child fails to recognize that a process can be reversed to Restore The original conditions of a situation

A

Irreversibility

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30
Q

Is the understanding that the amount of quantity of a substance or object is unaffected by changes in its appearance

A

Conservation

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31
Q

Vygotsky says each individual has this. Which represents the skills cognitive and physical that are within the potential of the learner but cannot be performed independently

A

Zone of proximal development Z PD

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32
Q

Tutors use this to structure children’s learning experiences in order to foster their emerging capabilities

A

Scaffolding

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33
Q

Is the comment tendency of 2 to 6-year-olds to imitate a double actions that are irrelevant and inefficient

A

Overimitation

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34
Q

Is the tendency of young children to attempt to construct theories to explain everything the experience

A

Theory-theory

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35
Q

Is an understanding of human mental processes that is of one’s own or another’s emotions believe intentions motives and thoughts

A

Theory of mind

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36
Q

Is the speedy and sometimes imprecise process by which children learn new words by tentatively connecting them to words and categories that they already understand

A

Fast mapping

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37
Q

Occurs when children apply rules or grammar when they should not. It is seen in English for example when children add us to the form the plural even in your regular places that form the plural in a different way

A

Overregulation

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38
Q

Refers to the practical adjusting of language according to the audience and contexts

A

Pragmatics

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39
Q

Is a person who is equally fluent in two languages

A

Balanced bilingual

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40
Q

Offers early childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori

A

Montessori schools

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41
Q

A theme is childhood program education that came from Italy and encourages each child’s creativity

A

Reggio Emilia

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42
Q

Is a federally funded early childhood interventionprogram for low income children

A

Headstart

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43
Q

__________________ are children who develop skills in two languages

A

Dual language learners DLL

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44
Q

Is the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

A

Emotional regulation

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45
Q

Is the ability to regulate one’s actions and emotions

Hint* this person is making an effort

A

Effortful control

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46
Q

This is Ericksons crisis of early childhood that young children eagerly take on new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them

A

Initiative versus guilt

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47
Q

Refers to people’s understanding of who they are

A

Self concept

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48
Q

Is the internal goals or drives to accomplish something for the joy of doing it

A

Intrinsic motivation

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49
Q

Is the need for rewards from outside such as material possessions

A

Extrinsic motivation

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50
Q

Make-believe friends common among children between three and seven

A

Imaginary friends

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51
Q

Is an illness or disorder of the mind

A

Psychopathology

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52
Q

Young children who have this have trouble regulating emotions and uncontrollably lash out at other people or things

A

Externalizing problems

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53
Q

These children tend to be more fearful in with Ronn as a consequence of their tendencies to keep their emotions bottled up inside themselves

A

Internalizing problems

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54
Q

Is it physical play that often mimics aggression but involves no intent to harm

A

Rough and tumble play

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55
Q

Children act out rolls and themes and stories of their own creation allowing them to rehearse social roles, practice regulating their emotions, test their ability to convince others of their ideas, develop a self concept in a nonthreatening context

A

Sociodramatic play

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56
Q

Baumrinds term for A style of child rearing in which the parents show little affection or nutrients or their children, maturity demands are high and parents our communication is low

A

Authoritarian parenting

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57
Q

Someone who is in authoritarian demands unquestioning obedience and ask in a dictatorial way

A

Memory aid

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58
Q

Baumrinds term for a style of Child rearing in which the parents make few demands on their children, yet are nurturant and expecting and communicate well with their child

A

Permissive parenting

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59
Q

Baumrinds term for is that out of child rearing in which the parent set limits and enforce rules but are willing to listen to the child’s ideas and are flexible

A

Authoritative parenting

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60
Q

Baumrinds term for and approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent towards their children

A

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

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61
Q

Biological differences between males and females

A

Sex differences

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62
Q

Cultural differences in the “roles” and behavior of males and females

A

Gender differences

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63
Q

In the psychoanalytic theory this is the third stage of psychosexual development, in which the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

A

Phallic stage

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64
Q

Freud psycho social development theory where boys in the phallic stage develop feelings and sexual attraction to their mother and resentment of the father

A

Oedipus complex

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65
Q

In the psychoanalytic theory this is the judge mental part of personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents

A

Superego

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66
Q

Freud’s phallic stage where girls develop a connection of feelings that center on sexual attraction to the father and resentment of the mother

A

Electra complex

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67
Q

In Freud’s theory this is a means of defending oneself concepts by taking on good behavior and attitudes of another person

A

Identification

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68
Q

In the cognitive theory this is the child understanding of sex differences

A

Gender schema

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69
Q

Is a persons understanding of other peoples feelings and concerns

A

Empathy

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70
Q

Is a persons feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

A

Antipathy

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71
Q

A type of behavior that involves feelings and actions that are deliberately hurtful or distractive to another person

A

Antisocial behavior

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72
Q

A type of behavior that involves feelings and actions that are helpful and kind but without any obvious benefit

A

Prosocial behavior

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73
Q

Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep a possession or privilege that another person has

A

Instrumental aggression

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74
Q

Impulsive retaliation for some intentional or accidental act, verbal or physical by another person

Hint** in response to

A

Reactive aggression

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75
Q

Involves insults and other non-physical acts aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people

A

Relational aggression

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76
Q

And unprovoked, repeated the physical or verbal attack on another person

A

Bullying aggression

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77
Q

Is a form of discipline that involves threatening to with drawl love and support from a child

A

Psychological control

78
Q

It’s a form of discipline in which a child is required to stop all activity and sit quiet apart from other people for a few minutes

A

Time-out

79
Q

A systemic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older

A

Developmental theory

80
Q

Is an average typical or standard level of development among a large group of individuals

A

Norm

81
Q

A grand theory, interprets human development in terms of inner drives and motives, many of which are irrational and unconscious

A

Psychoanalytic theory

82
Q

A grand theory, emphasizes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned also called learning theory

A

Behaviorism

83
Q

Is the learning process that occurs either through the association of to stimulus (classic conditioning) or through the use of positive or negative reinforcement or punishment (operant conditioning)

A

Conditioning

84
Q

Is the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful one so that both are responded to in the same way

Also known as responded conditioning

A

Classic conditioning

85
Q

Is the process by which a response is gradually learn through reinforcement or punishment also called the instrumental conditioning

A

Operant conditioning

86
Q

Is the process by which a particular action is followed by something desired which makes a person or animal more likely to repeat the action

A

Reinforcement

87
Q

And extension of behavioralism that emphasizes that people often learn new behaviors through observation and imitation of other people

A

Social learning theory

88
Q

Refers to the process by which we observe other people’s behavior and then copy it

A

Modeling

89
Q

A grande theory, emphasize is that the way people think and understand the world see if their attitude, beliefs, and behaviors.

A

Cognitive theory

90
Q

Is a state of mental balance, and which a person thoughts about the world seem not to clash with each other or with his or her experiences

In Piaget’s theory

A

Cognitive equilibrium

91
Q

Part of Piaget’s theory … is the process by which new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas.

A

Assimilation

92
Q

In piaget’s theory, is the process in with all the ideas a reconstructed do you have incorporate new experiences

A

Accommodation

93
Q

Is a perspective that compares human thinking processes to the way a computer analyzes data

A

Information processing

94
Q

Seeks to explain development as a result of a dynamic interaction between developing person and the surrounding social and cultural forces

A

Sociocultural theory

95
Q

In vygotskys view … is the process by which each person develops new competencies by learning from skilled mentor or tutors

A

Apprenticeship in thinking

96
Q

In the social cultural theory, this is the process by which people learn from others who “guide” their efforts

A

Guided participation

97
Q

Is a theory that stresses the shared basic needs of all people in the potential of all humans for good

A

Humanism

98
Q

Is the process by which humans and other species gradually adjust to their environment. Whether a genetic trait increases or decreases over generations depends on the whether it contributes to survival and reproductive ability

A

Selective adaptation

99
Q

Accepting elements from several theories, instead of adhering to only a single perspective

A

Eclectic perspective

100
Q

The first two weeks of development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division in the beginning of cell differentiation, are called the ______________ period.

A

Germinal Period

101
Q

A __________ cell is one from which a new organism can develop during the germinal., First stage in development of the new organism

A

Germ cell

102
Q

Is approximately the third through the eighth week of prenatal development, when the basic forms of all body structures develop

A

Embryonic Period

103
Q

From the ninth week after conception until birth, when the organs grow in size & mature and functioning

A

Fetal Period

104
Q

Is the process by which The Zygote burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected during growth.

A

Implantation

105
Q

Is the name given to the developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception

A

Embryo

106
Q

Is the name for the developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth

A

Fetus

107
Q

Is an image of an unborn fetus or an internal organ produced with high-frequency sound waves, also called sonogram

A

Ultrasound

108
Q

About 22 weeks after conception the fetus reaches _______ of _______ at which point it has at least some slight chance of survival outside the uterus if specialized medical care is available

A

Age of viability

109
Q

Newborns are rated at one minute and then at five minutes after birth according to the ___________ _______. this scale assigns a score of 0,1,2 in 5 characteristics: breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, color, reflexes

A

Apgar scale

110
Q

The fetus is removed from the mother surgically

A

C-section

111
Q

Is a woman who works alongside medical staff to assist a woman through labor, delivery, breast-feeding, and newborn care

A

Doula

112
Q

r agents and conditions, such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, extreme stress, and Malnutrition, that can impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects or even death

A

Teratogens

113
Q

Our agents and conditions that can damage the pre-needle brain, impairing the future child is intellectual and emotional functioning

A

Behavioral Teratogens

114
Q

Is a harmful effect of a substance that occurs when exposure to it releases a certain level

A

Threshold effect

115
Q

Prenatal alcohol exposure may cause this, a cluster of birth defects that includes abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, behavior problems, and retarded mental development

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

116
Q

A birth weight of less than 5 1/2 pounds is considered this. Infants are at risk for many immediate and long-term problems

A

Low birth weight LBW

117
Q

I birth weight of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces is called

A

Very low birth weight VLBW

118
Q

A birthweight less than 2 pounds, 5 ounces is called

A

Extremely low birth weight ELBW

119
Q

When an infant is born three or more weeks before the due date it is said to be

A

Preterm birth

120
Q

Infants who way substantially less than they should, given how much time has passed since conception Are called

A

Small for gestational age capital SGA

121
Q

Is a muscular control disorder caused by damage to the brains and motor centers during or before birth

A

Cerebral palsy

122
Q

Is a temporary lack of oxygen during the birth process that if prolonged can cause brain damage or death to the baby

A

Anoxia

123
Q

As an unlearned involuntary action or movement emitted in response to a specific stimulus

A

Reflex

124
Q

Refers to the phenomenon in which father’s experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth

A

Couvade 🤣

125
Q

Is a new mother is feeling of sadness in adequacy in the days and weeks after giving birth

A

Postpartum depression

126
Q

Refers to the cooperation and mutual support between mother and father

A

Parental alliance

127
Q

Describes the strong feelings of attachment between parent and child in early moments

A

Parent – infant bond

128
Q

Occurs when the mother of a low birth weight infant spends at least one hour a day holding her infant between her breasts

A

Kangaroo care

129
Q

Any point of a ranking scale of 0 to 100, are often used to compare a child’s development to group norms and to his or her own prior development

A

Percentile

130
Q

Is a biological mechanism in which the brain continues to grow even though the body stops growing in a Malnourished child

A

Head-sparing

131
Q

Nerve cells, are the main components of the central nervous system, especially the brain

A

Neurons

132
Q

Is the outer layers of the brain that is involved in most thinking, feeling, and sensing

A

Cortex

133
Q

Is the Area of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control

A

Prefrontal cortex

134
Q

Is the nerve fiber that sends electrochemical impulses from one neuron to the dendrites of author neurons

A

Axon

135
Q

Is a Nerve fiber that receives the electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons

A

Dendrite

136
Q

Is the point at which the axon of a sending neuron meets the dendrites of the receiving neuron

A

Synapse

137
Q

Our chemicals in the brain that carry messages from the axon I’ll be sending neuron to the dendrite of a receiving neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

138
Q

Is the pathway across which Neurotransmitters carry information between neurons

A

Synaptic gap

139
Q

Is the dramatic but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infants brain over the first two years of life

A

Transient exuberance

140
Q

Is the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

A

Pruning

141
Q

Are those that require basic common experiences in order to develop normallly

A

Experience – expectant

142
Q

Are those that depend on particular invariable experiences such as language in order to develop

A

Experience dependent

143
Q

Is the inborn drive to remedy a deficit in development

A

Self – righting

144
Q

Is the response of a sensory system in which it detects a stimulus

A

Sensation

145
Q

Is the process by which the brain tries to make sense of a stimulus such that the individual becomes aware of it

A

Perception

146
Q

Is the ability to use both eyes in coordination in order to see when Image

A

Binocular vision

147
Q

I learned abilities to move specific parts of the body

A

Motor skills

148
Q

Results when a person does not consume enough food

A

Protein-calorie malnutrition

149
Q

Is the failure of children who are chronically malnourished to grow to a normal height for their age

A

Stunting

150
Q

Malnourished child is severely underweight

A

Wasting

151
Q

Severe protein calorie deficiency growth. Body tissues waste away and infant dies

A

Maramus

152
Q

Protein calorie deficiency where child’s face legs and abdomen is well with fluid and becomes vulnerable to other diseases

A

KWASHIORKOR

153
Q

Between two and six months child suddenly stopped breathingin dies while sleeping

A

SIDS

154
Q

Piagets stages… 0-2yrs

I based on his theory that infants think exclusively with their senses and motor skills

A

Sensorimotor intelligence

155
Q

Piagets theory

A type of feedback loop and sensory motor intelligence involving the incense own body and wins and fence take in experiences such as sucking and grasping and try to make sense of them

A

Primary circular reactions

156
Q

A type of feedback loop in sensorimotor intelligence involving the infants response to objects in other people

A

Secondary circular reactions

157
Q

Is the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen touch or heard

A

Object permanence

158
Q

The most sophisticated type of infant feedback loop in sensorimotor intelligence involving active exploration and experimentation

A

Tertiary Circular reactions

159
Q

Occurs 12 to 18 months learns the properties of objects in the world through active experimentation

A

Little scientist

160
Q

The ability of infants to perceive and later copy a behavior they notice hours or days earlier

A

Ydeferred imitation

161
Q

The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it

A

Habituation

162
Q

Brain cells that respond to an action performed by another person in the same way they would if the absorber were performing the action

A

mirror neurons

163
Q

measuring technique in which the the brains electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain

A

Fmri

164
Q

Is a theory of human cognition that compares thinking do you know ways in which a computer analyzes data through the processes of sensory input connection is stored memories and out but

A

Information – processing theory

165
Q

The opportunity to interact with people objects or places

A

Affordances

166
Q

Illusion of a sudden drop off between one Horizon surface in another

A

Visual cliff

167
Q

Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits emotional responses routine procedures and various sensations

A

Implicit memory

168
Q

Memory that is easy to retrieve on-demand usually with words

A

Explicit memory

169
Q

Used form of speech used by adults when talking to infants high-pitched

A

Child direct speech

170
Q

Begins between 6 to 9 months of age is characterized by the extended repetition of certain syllabuses such as mama

A

Babbling

171
Q

A single word used to convey a meaningful thought

A

Holophrase

172
Q

Infants vocabulary increases at 18 months of age

A

Naming explosion

173
Q

Form of language that includes rules or word order verb forms

A

Grammar

174
Q

The average words a child says in a sentence

A

Length of utterance (MLU)

175
Q

Chomsky’ theory children possess this which is a helper for sized a mental structure that enables them to acquire language including the basic aspects of grammar language in Innovacion

A

Language acquisition device LED

176
Q

Occurs when an infants miles in response to a human face at six weeks

A

Social smile

177
Q

And on familiar person at nine months

A

Stranger wearing his

178
Q

A persons realization of themselves

A

Self – awareness

179
Q

Individuals differences in emotions activity and self-regulation

A

Temperament

180
Q

Coordinated rabbit and smooth interaction between caregiver an infant and helps infant learn to express and read emotions

A

Synchrony

181
Q

Infant has comfort and confidence from the base of expiration provided by a caregiver

A

Secure attachment type B

182
Q

Infant doesn’t care about the presence of the caregiver or departure

A

Insecure – avoidant attachment Type A

183
Q

An infant residence active expiration become so very upset when the caregiver leaves and business and six contact when the caregiver return

A

Insecure resistant /ambivalent attachment type C

184
Q

Inconsistent infant caregiver interactions that is neither secure or insecure

A

Disorganized attachment

185
Q

Experiment where stranger and mother move in and out of the room

A

Strange situation

186
Q

Infants look for emotional cues from adults

A

Social referencing

187
Q

Infantslearn whether the world is a sensual really a secure place in which basic needs will be met

A

Trust versus mistrust

188
Q

Ericksons theory where toddler’s drive to roll their own actions and body

A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

189
Q

Learning by observing others

A

Social learning

190
Q

A cognitive theory where infants use early social relationships to develop a set of assumptions that organize their perceptions and experiences

A

Working model

191
Q

There are two types of parenting. The first one involves close physical contact between child and parent and the second one involves remaining distant from a baby

A

Proximal parenting and distal parenting

192
Q

The care of children by people other than their biological parents

A

Allocare

Psychology 235 (24 decks)

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