Chapter 12 Flashcards
Middle Childhood - Cognitive Development
Piaget 3 theories on School-Age Children
- )Concrete operational thought
- ) Classification
- ) Transitive interference
Piaget’s theory
the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
1.)Concrete operational thought
Piaget’s theory
things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they share.
2.)Classification
Piaget’s theory
the ability to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another.
3.)Transitive inference
The idea that things can be arranged in a series.
crucial for understanding the number sequence.
Seriation -
Who regarded instruction as essential
Vygotsky
Vygotsky’s theory …. Children are “___________ in learning” as they play with each other, watch television, eat dinner with their families, and engage in other daily interactions.
apprentices
Vygotsky said Language is integral as a ________, a vehicle for understanding and learning.
mediator
_________ ___________ is…
Like computers people take in information and then:
−seek specific units of information
−analyze the information
−express their conclusions
The brain’s gradual growth confirms the information-processing perspective.
Requires memory
Information Processing
Three types of memory
Sensory, Working, Long-term
________ memory- Incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.)
Sensory
__________ memory- Current, conscious mental activity occurs. (Also called short-term memory.)
Working
_________ memory- Virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
Long-term
Working memory improves steadily and significantly every year from age ___ to ___
4 to 15 years.
The capacity of long-term memory is virtually limitless by the end of ______ _______.
middle childhood.
Memory _______ (how much information is deposited in the brain) expands over childhood,
storage
how readily stored material can be brought into working memory.
retrieval
Thinking about thinking”; the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task.
Metacognition
a body of knowledge in a certain area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
Knowledge base-
____________ ______________:Mechanisms (selective attention, emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the system
Control processes -
By age _____, children know most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language, and many speak a second or even a third language.
6
Some school-age children learn as many as ___ new words a day and apply grammar rules they did not use before
20
the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context.
This advances quite a bit in middle childhood.
Shy children who are good at pragmatics cope better with social pressures of school than those who are not as adept.
Pragmatics-
Family Poverty _ Research shows a strong correlation between academic achievement and socioeconomic status
List the 3…
− language exposure
− adult expectations
− macrosystem resources
The implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school
Hidden curriculum-
all subjects are taught in the child’s second language
Immersion -
Subjects are taught in the child’s original and second languages
Bilingual schooling-
children who do not speak English are taught together in an intensive class to learn basic English so they can be mainstreamed later
ESL-
a U.S. law intended to increase accountability in education by having states qualify for federal money based on standardized tests
*** George Bush made this
No Child Left Behind Act (2001):
an ongoing, nationally representative measure of U.S. children’s achievement in reading, math, etc.
NAEP:
Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and letter combinations.
Phonics approach -
Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking, listening, reading, and writing
Whole-language approach -
funded and licensed by states or districts and private sponsors, run as a public school but has its own standards.
Charter schools -
allows parents to choose the school for the child (private or public) with all or part of the cost being paid by the local government
Voucher -
