Chapter 12

Question 1

Piaget 3 theories on School-Age Children

Answer 1

1. )Concrete operational thought
2. ) Classification
3. ) Transitive interference

Question 2

Piaget’s theory

the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.

Answer 2

1.)Concrete operational thought

Question 3

Piaget’s theory

things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they share.

Answer 3

2.)Classification

Question 4

Piaget’s theory

the ability to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another.

Answer 4

3.)Transitive inference

Question 5

The idea that things can be arranged in a series.

crucial for understanding the number sequence.

Answer 5

Seriation -

Question 6

Who regarded instruction as essential

Answer 6

Vygotsky

Question 7

Vygotsky’s theory …. Children are “___________ in learning” as they play with each other, watch television, eat dinner with their families, and engage in other daily interactions.

Answer 7

apprentices

Question 8

Vygotsky said Language is integral as a ________, a vehicle for understanding and learning.

Answer 8

mediator

Question 9

_________ ___________ is…

Like computers people take in information and then:
−seek specific units of information
−analyze the information
−express their conclusions

The brain’s gradual growth confirms the information-processing perspective.

Requires memory

Answer 9

Information Processing

Question 10

Three types of memory

Answer 10

Sensory, Working, Long-term

Question 11

________ memory- Incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.)

Answer 11

Sensory

Question 12

__________ memory- Current, conscious mental activity occurs. (Also called short-term memory.)

Answer 12

Working

Question 13

_________ memory- Virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.

Answer 13

Long-term

Question 14

Working memory improves steadily and significantly every year from age ___ to ___

Answer 14

4 to 15 years.

Question 15

The capacity of long-term memory is virtually limitless by the end of ______ _______.

Answer 15

middle childhood.

Question 16

Memory _______ (how much information is deposited in the brain) expands over childhood,

Answer 16

storage

Question 17

how readily stored material can be brought into working memory.

Answer 17

retrieval

Question 18

Thinking about thinking”; the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task.

Answer 18

Metacognition

Question 19

a body of knowledge in a certain area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

Answer 19

Knowledge base-

Question 20

____________ ______________:Mechanisms (selective attention, emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the system

Answer 20

Control processes -

Question 21

By age _____, children know most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language, and many speak a second or even a third language.

Answer 21

6

Question 22

Some school-age children learn as many as ___ new words a day and apply grammar rules they did not use before

Answer 22

20

Question 23

the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context.
This advances quite a bit in middle childhood.
Shy children who are good at pragmatics cope better with social pressures of school than those who are not as adept.

Answer 23

Pragmatics-

Question 24

Family Poverty _ Research shows a strong correlation between academic achievement and socioeconomic status
List the 3…

Answer 24

− language exposure
− adult expectations
− macrosystem resources

Question 25

The implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school

Answer 25

Hidden curriculum-

Question 26

all subjects are taught in the child’s second language

Answer 26

Immersion -

Question 27

Subjects are taught in the child’s original and second languages

Answer 27

Bilingual schooling-

Question 28

children who do not speak English are taught together in an intensive class to learn basic English so they can be mainstreamed later

Answer 28

ESL-

Question 29

a U.S. law intended to increase accountability in education by having states qualify for federal money based on standardized tests
*** George Bush made this

Answer 29

No Child Left Behind Act (2001):

Question 30

an ongoing, nationally representative measure of U.S. children’s achievement in reading, math, etc.

Answer 30

NAEP:

Question 31

Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and letter combinations.

Answer 31

Phonics approach -

Question 32

Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking, listening, reading, and writing

Answer 32

Whole-language approach -

Question 33

funded and licensed by states or districts and private sponsors, run as a public school but has its own standards.

Answer 33

Charter schools -

Question 34

allows parents to choose the school for the child (private or public) with all or part of the cost being paid by the local government

Answer 34

Voucher -