Chapter 9 Flashcards
Body Structure & Function
1
Q
artery
A
blood vessel that carries blood away from heart
2
Q
capillary
A
tiny blood vessels
- nutrient, O2, CO2 exchange between blood and tissue
3
Q
cell
A
basic unit of body structure
4
Q
digestion
A
process of physically / chemically breaking down food so it can be absorbed by cells
5
Q
hemoglobin
A
substance in RBC that carries O2
- gives blood its bright red color
6
Q
hormone
A
chemical substance secreted by endocrine systems into bloodstream
7
Q
immunity
A
protection against disease / condition
- person will not be affect by disease / condition
8
Q
joint
A
where 2 or more bones meet to allow movement
9
Q
menstruation
A
process where uterine lining (endometrium) breaks down and is expelled from vagina
10
Q
metabolism
A
how body uses nutrients to provide energy / maintain body function
11
Q
organ
A
group of tissue that function together
12
Q
peristalsis
A
involuntary muscle contraction in digestive system moving food down esophagus through alimentary canal
13
Q
reflex
A
body response to stimulus
14
Q
respiration
A
process of supplying O2 / removing CO2 from cells
15
Q
stimulus
A
anything that excites / causes body part to function, become active, respond
16
Q
system
A
group of organs that work together to perform special function
17
Q
tissue
A
group of cells w/ similar functions
18
Q
vein
A
blood vessel that returns blood to heart
19
Q
cell membrane
A
outer covering enclosing cell / maintaining cell shape
20
Q
nucleus
A
control center of cell
21
Q
cytoplasm
A
water-gel substance surrounding nucleus
22
Q
chromosomes
A
thread-like structures in nucleus that contains genes
23
Q
genes
A
controls the traits children inherit from parents
24
Q
how many chromosomes are in a human cell ?
A
46 chromosomes
25
epithelial tissue
covers internal / external body surfaces
- skin, tissue lining intestines
26
connective tissue
anchors, connects, supports tissue
- bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
27
muscle tissue
stretches / contracts to move body
28
nerve tissue
receives / carries impulses to brain / body
29
membrane
thin epithelial / connective tissue
- cover body surfaces, organs, lines body cavities
30
mucous membrane
type of membrane; line are of body that is open to the outside
- ears, nose, mouth
31
all bodily systems ? (11)
- integumentary
- musculo-skeletal
- nervous
- circulatory
- lymphatic
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
- immune
- endocrine
32
integumentary system
skin; largest system
- epithelial, connective, nerve tissue
- oil / sweat glands
- 2 layers
33
2 layers of integumentary system ?
- epidermis; outer layer w/ pigment, constantly flaking off
- dermis; inner layer w/ blood vessels, nerves, sweat / oil glands, hair roots
34
layer of tissue supporting the dermis ?
subcutaneous tissue
- thick fat / connective tissue
35
skin appendages ?
- sweat / oil glands
- hair
- skin
36
musculo-skeletal system
provide framework / protection for body
- bones.
37
how many bones are in the human adult body ?
206
38
4 types of bones ?
- long
- short allow skill / easy movement
- flat
- irregular
39
long bones
bear body's weigh
- leg bones
40
short bones
allow skill / easy movement
- wrists, fingers, ankles, toes
41
flat bones
protect organs
- ribs, skill, pelvic, shoulder blades
42
irregular bones
allow specific movement / felxibility
- vertebrae
43
2 layers of bone
- periosteum; membrane around bone w/ blood vessels
- bone marrow
44
3 major types of joints ?
- ball / socket joint
- hinge joint
- pivot joint
45
ball / socket joint
allow movement in all directions
- hips, shoulders
46
hinge joint
allow movement in one direction
- elbows, knees
47
pivot joint
allow movement turning side / side
- base of skull to spine
48
what is found at joints ?
- cartilage; cushions joints
- synovial membrane; lines joints
- synovial fluid; lubricates joints
- ligaments; holds bones together
49
what substances are needed for bone formation / strength ?
calcium, phosphorus
50
how many muscles are in the adult human body ?
over 500
51
3 types of muscles ?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
52
skeletal muscle
voluntary movement
- striated
- muscles attached to bone
53
smooth muscle
involuntary movement
- organs
- blood vessels
54
cardiac muscle
involuntary movement
- striations
- heart.
55
3 functions of muscles ?
- movement
- maintain posture / muscle tone
- produce body heat
56
sphincters
circular band of muscles that constrict natural bodily opening
57
4 examples of sphincters ?
- lower esophageal sphincter; between esophagus / stomach
- pyloric sphincter; between stomach / small intestine
- anal sphincter; keeps anus closed
- urethral sphincter; seals bladder closed
58
nervous system
controls, directs, coordinates bodily movements
- central
- peripheral
59
myelin sheath
protective covering around some nerve tissue;
- insulate nerve
- conduct impulse faster
60
central nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
61
3 main brain parts
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brainstem
62
cerebral cortex
controls highest functions
- reasoning, memory, speech, etc.
63
cerebellum
regulates / coordinates body movement
- balance
- voluntary movements
64
brainstem
connects cerebrum to spinal cord
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
65
midbrain / pons of brainstem
relay messages between medulla / cerebrum
66
medulla of brainstem
where brain connects to spinal cord
- controls heart rate, breathing, blood vessel size, swallowing, coughing, vomiting
67
how long is the spinal cord ?
17-18in
68
3 layers of connective tissue protecting brain / spinal cord ?
meninges
- dura mater (outer layer)
- arachnoid (mid layer)
- pia mater (inner layer)
69
space between arachnoid / pia mater ?
arachnoid space
- filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid
70
peripheral nervous system
nerves that spread throughout body
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
71
cranial nerves
conduct impulses between brain, head, neck, chest, abdomen
- relays 5 senses
- involuntary / voluntary muscle
- 12 cranial nerves
72
spinal nerves
conduct impulses from skin, extremities, internal structures
- 31 spinal nerves
73
autonomic nervous system
part of peripheral nervous system
- controls involuntary muscles / functions
74
sympathetic nervous system
speeds up functions
- when angry, scared, excited, nervous
75
parasympathetic nervous system
slows functions
- when relaxed
- if sympathetic is stimulated for too long
76
3 layers of the eye ?
- sclera; whites of the eye
- choroid; blood vessels, ciliary muscle, iris, pupil
- retina; inner layer; optic nerve, macula
77
where does light enter / pass through the eye ?
enters through the cornea, passed through the lens
78
aqueous chamber
separates cornea from lens
- filled w/ aqueous humor fluida
79
aqueous humor
fluid helps cornea keep shape / position
80
vitreous humor
gelatin-like substance behind lens
- supports retina
- maintains eye shape
81
3 parts of ear ?
- external (pinna / auricle)
- middle (eustachian tube & 3 small ossicles)
- inner (semicircular canal & cochlea)
82
eustachian tube
connects middle ear to throat
- keep equal pressure on eardrums
83
ossicles
amplifies sound received by eardrums
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
84
eardrum
tympanic membrane
- separates external / middle ear
85
external ear
sound waves guided through canal to auditory canal
86
auditory canal
- secretes cerumen (earwax)
- goes 1in into eardrum
87
cochlea
contains fluid
- fluid carries sound waves from middle ear to acoustic nerve
88
acoustic nerve
carries messages to brain
89
3 semicircular canals in inner ear ?
- sense head's position
- sense changes in head's position
- send messages to brain
90
