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NURS105 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

Body Structure & Function

1
Q

artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood away from heart

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2
Q

capillary

A

tiny blood vessels
- nutrient, O2, CO2 exchange between blood and tissue

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3
Q

cell

A

basic unit of body structure

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4
Q

digestion

A

process of physically / chemically breaking down food so it can be absorbed by cells

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5
Q

hemoglobin

A

substance in RBC that carries O2
- gives blood its bright red color

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6
Q

hormone

A

chemical substance secreted by endocrine systems into bloodstream

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7
Q

immunity

A

protection against disease / condition
- person will not be affect by disease / condition

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8
Q

joint

A

where 2 or more bones meet to allow movement

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9
Q

menstruation

A

process where uterine lining (endometrium) breaks down and is expelled from vagina

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10
Q

metabolism

A

how body uses nutrients to provide energy / maintain body function

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11
Q

organ

A

group of tissue that function together

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12
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contraction in digestive system moving food down esophagus through alimentary canal

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13
Q

reflex

A

body response to stimulus

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14
Q

respiration

A

process of supplying O2 / removing CO2 from cells

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15
Q

stimulus

A

anything that excites / causes body part to function, become active, respond

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16
Q

system

A

group of organs that work together to perform special function

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17
Q

tissue

A

group of cells w/ similar functions

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18
Q

vein

A

blood vessel that returns blood to heart

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19
Q

cell membrane

A

outer covering enclosing cell / maintaining cell shape

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20
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cell

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

water-gel substance surrounding nucleus

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22
Q

chromosomes

A

thread-like structures in nucleus that contains genes

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23
Q

genes

A

controls the traits children inherit from parents

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24
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human cell ?

A

46 chromosomes

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25
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers internal / external body surfaces
- skin, tissue lining intestines

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26
Q

connective tissue

A

anchors, connects, supports tissue
- bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

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27
Q

muscle tissue

A

stretches / contracts to move body

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28
Q

nerve tissue

A

receives / carries impulses to brain / body

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29
Q

membrane

A

thin epithelial / connective tissue
- cover body surfaces, organs, lines body cavities

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30
Q

mucous membrane

A

type of membrane; line are of body that is open to the outside
- ears, nose, mouth

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31
Q

all bodily systems ? (11)

A
  • integumentary
  • musculo-skeletal
  • nervous
  • circulatory
  • lymphatic
  • respiratory
  • digestive
  • urinary
  • reproductive
  • immune
  • endocrine
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32
Q

integumentary system

A

skin; largest system
- epithelial, connective, nerve tissue
- oil / sweat glands
- 2 layers

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33
Q

2 layers of integumentary system ?

A
  • epidermis; outer layer w/ pigment, constantly flaking off
  • dermis; inner layer w/ blood vessels, nerves, sweat / oil glands, hair roots
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34
Q

layer of tissue supporting the dermis ?

A

subcutaneous tissue
- thick fat / connective tissue

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35
Q

skin appendages ?

A
  • sweat / oil glands
  • hair
  • skin
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36
Q

musculo-skeletal system

A

provide framework / protection for body
- bones.

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37
Q

how many bones are in the human adult body ?

A

206

38
Q

4 types of bones ?

A
  • long
  • short allow skill / easy movement
  • flat
  • irregular
39
Q

long bones

A

bear body’s weigh
- leg bones

40
Q

short bones

A

allow skill / easy movement
- wrists, fingers, ankles, toes

41
Q

flat bones

A

protect organs
- ribs, skill, pelvic, shoulder blades

42
Q

irregular bones

A

allow specific movement / felxibility
- vertebrae

43
Q

2 layers of bone

A
  • periosteum; membrane around bone w/ blood vessels
  • bone marrow
44
Q

3 major types of joints ?

A
  • ball / socket joint
  • hinge joint
  • pivot joint
45
Q

ball / socket joint

A

allow movement in all directions
- hips, shoulders

46
Q

hinge joint

A

allow movement in one direction
- elbows, knees

47
Q

pivot joint

A

allow movement turning side / side
- base of skull to spine

48
Q

what is found at joints ?

A
  • cartilage; cushions joints
  • synovial membrane; lines joints
  • synovial fluid; lubricates joints
  • ligaments; holds bones together
49
Q

what substances are needed for bone formation / strength ?

A

calcium, phosphorus

50
Q

how many muscles are in the adult human body ?

A

over 500

51
Q

3 types of muscles ?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
52
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movement
- striated
- muscles attached to bone

53
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary movement
- organs
- blood vessels

54
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary movement
- striations
- heart.

55
Q

3 functions of muscles ?

A
  • movement
  • maintain posture / muscle tone
  • produce body heat
56
Q

sphincters

A

circular band of muscles that constrict natural bodily opening

57
Q

4 examples of sphincters ?

A
  • lower esophageal sphincter; between esophagus / stomach
  • pyloric sphincter; between stomach / small intestine
  • anal sphincter; keeps anus closed
  • urethral sphincter; seals bladder closed
58
Q

nervous system

A

controls, directs, coordinates bodily movements
- central
- peripheral

59
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective covering around some nerve tissue;
- insulate nerve
- conduct impulse faster

60
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
61
Q

3 main brain parts

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
62
Q

cerebral cortex

A

controls highest functions
- reasoning, memory, speech, etc.

63
Q

cerebellum

A

regulates / coordinates body movement
- balance
- voluntary movements

64
Q

brainstem

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla

65
Q

midbrain / pons of brainstem

A

relay messages between medulla / cerebrum

66
Q

medulla of brainstem

A

where brain connects to spinal cord
- controls heart rate, breathing, blood vessel size, swallowing, coughing, vomiting

67
Q

how long is the spinal cord ?

A

17-18in

68
Q

3 layers of connective tissue protecting brain / spinal cord ?

A

meninges
- dura mater (outer layer)
- arachnoid (mid layer)
- pia mater (inner layer)

69
Q

space between arachnoid / pia mater ?

A

arachnoid space
- filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid

70
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that spread throughout body
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves

71
Q

cranial nerves

A

conduct impulses between brain, head, neck, chest, abdomen
- relays 5 senses
- involuntary / voluntary muscle
- 12 cranial nerves

72
Q

spinal nerves

A

conduct impulses from skin, extremities, internal structures
- 31 spinal nerves

73
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system
- controls involuntary muscles / functions

74
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

speeds up functions
- when angry, scared, excited, nervous

75
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slows functions
- when relaxed
- if sympathetic is stimulated for too long

76
Q

3 layers of the eye ?

A
  • sclera; whites of the eye
  • choroid; blood vessels, ciliary muscle, iris, pupil
  • retina; inner layer; optic nerve, macula
77
Q

where does light enter / pass through the eye ?

A

enters through the cornea, passed through the lens

78
Q

aqueous chamber

A

separates cornea from lens
- filled w/ aqueous humor fluida

79
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid helps cornea keep shape / position

80
Q

vitreous humor

A

gelatin-like substance behind lens
- supports retina
- maintains eye shape

81
Q

3 parts of ear ?

A
  • external (pinna / auricle)
  • middle (eustachian tube & 3 small ossicles)
  • inner (semicircular canal & cochlea)
82
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear to throat
- keep equal pressure on eardrums

83
Q

ossicles

A

amplifies sound received by eardrums
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)

84
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic membrane
- separates external / middle ear

85
Q

external ear

A

sound waves guided through canal to auditory canal

86
Q

auditory canal

A
  • secretes cerumen (earwax)
  • goes 1in into eardrum
87
Q

cochlea

A

contains fluid
- fluid carries sound waves from middle ear to acoustic nerve

88
Q

acoustic nerve

A

carries messages to brain

89
Q

3 semicircular canals in inner ear ?

A
  • sense head’s position
  • sense changes in head’s position
  • send messages to brain
90
Q
A

NURS105 (43 decks)

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