Chapter 8: Individual Variation in Drug Responses Flashcards
What factors can affect an individuals drug response
- body weight and composition
- age
- tolerance
- gender
- race
- comorbidities
- diet
who is especially sensitive ot drugs
infants and older patients
why are infants especially sensitive to drugs
organ immaturity
why are older patients especially sensative to drugs
organ degeneration due to increased severity of illness, multiple pathologies, treatment with multiple drugs
how does kidney disease affect an individuals response to drugs
reduced excretion and increased toxicity
how does liver disease affect an individuals drug response
reduced metabolism and increased toxicity
how does Acid base imbalance affect an individuals drug response
pH changes that alter absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
how does altered electrolyte status affect an individuals drug response
very rare for electrolyte changes to have a significant impact on drug responses
placebo effect
response based solely on patients psychologic reaction to the idea of taking medication and not any direct physiological or biochemical reaction
causes of variability in absorption
- bioavailability
- changes in gastric pH, diarrhea, constipation, and food in the stomach
bioavailability
ability of the drug to reach the sstemic circulation from its site of administration
bioavailability occurs primairy with
oral preparations
why does bioavailability occur mainly with oral preparations
- disintegration time, enteric coatings, and sustained release formulations
pharmacogenomics
study of how genes affect an individuals drug response
alcohol is metabolized more slowly by which gender
women
Quindine causes greater QT interval prolongation in which gender
women
how does comorbidities affect varations in drug reaction
increased likelihood of drug interactions
how does diet affect an individuals drug reaction
starvation can reduce binding of drugs
drug interactions
one drug alters the effect of another
failure to take medications as perscribed can be caused by
manual dexterity, visual acuity, intellectual capacity, psychologic state, attitude towards drugs, ability to pay for medication
