Chapter 8-2nd Half

Question 0

Positive reinforcer

Answer 0

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

Question 1

Reinforcer

Answer 1

Any event that strengthens the behavior it allows

Question 2

Primary reinforcer

Answer 2

One that satisfies a biological need

Question 3

Conditioned/secondary reinforcer

Answer 3

One that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement

Question 4

Negative reinforcement

Answer 4

Increasing a behavior by taking away an Aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

Question 5

Punishment

Answer 5

When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 6

Positive punishment

Answer 6

Adding something unpleasant that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 7

Negative punishment

Answer 7

Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be related, taking away a cell phone

Question 8

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 8

Every time the desired behavior occurs it is reinforced

Question 9

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 9

Reinforcement occurs intermittently

Question 10

Fixed-ratio schedules

Answer 10

Specific # of correct responses is required before reinforcement occurs

Question 11

Variable-ratio schedules

Answer 11

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable # of correct responses

Question 12

Fixed-interval schedules

Answer 12

Reinforces a response only after a specified to has elapsed

Question 13

Variable-interval schedules

Answer 13

Reinforces response only at unpredictable time intervals

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 15

Latent learning

Answer 15

Learning that becomes apparent only when there is so,e incentive to demonstrate it

Question 16

Cognitive map

Answer 16

Mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Question 17

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 17

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 18

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 18

Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Learning by observing others

Question 20

Modeling

Answer 20

Imitating something observed

Question 21

Mirror neurons

Answer 21

Frontal lobe, brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation, language learning and empathy

Question 22

Albert bandura

Answer 22

Pioneering researcher of observational learning

Question 23

Prosocial behavior

Answer 23

Positive, helpful behavior

Question 24

Successive approximation

Answer 24

Rewarding responses that are getting closer to the final desired behavior and ignore all other responses

Question 25

John Watson

Answer 25

Little Albert experiment