Chapter 8-2nd Half Flashcards
Positive reinforcer
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli
Reinforcer
Any event that strengthens the behavior it allows
Primary reinforcer
One that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned/secondary reinforcer
One that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Increasing a behavior by taking away an Aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
Punishment
When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Positive punishment
Adding something unpleasant that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Negative punishment
Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be related, taking away a cell phone
Continuous reinforcement
Every time the desired behavior occurs it is reinforced
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcement occurs intermittently
Fixed-ratio schedules
Specific # of correct responses is required before reinforcement occurs
Variable-ratio schedules
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable # of correct responses
Fixed-interval schedules
Reinforces a response only after a specified to has elapsed
Variable-interval schedules
Reinforces response only at unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Latent learning
Learning that becomes apparent only when there is so,e incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of ones environment
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
Imitating something observed
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe, brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation, language learning and empathy
Albert bandura
Pioneering researcher of observational learning
Prosocial behavior
Positive, helpful behavior
Successive approximation
Rewarding responses that are getting closer to the final desired behavior and ignore all other responses
John Watson
Little Albert experiment