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Ap Psych > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing & interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects& events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors & works up to the brains integration of sensory info

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3
Q

Top-down processing

A

Info processing guided by higher level mental processes through experience/expectations

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4
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Complete sensation but incomplete perception, can’t recognize faces, no top down process

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (intensity) and psychological experience of them

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Theory predicting how/when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus “signal” background stimulation “noise”

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Influences our behavior but doesn’t change it

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9
Q

Priming

A

The activation, of certain associations, predisposing ones perception, memory or responses

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10
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

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11
Q

Webers law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another/ encode physical energy as neural signals

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

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15
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color name (blue,green)

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16
Q

Intensity

A

Amount if energy in a light/sound wave, which we perceive as brightness/loudness as determined by the waves amplitude

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17
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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18
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil & controls the size of the pupil opening

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19
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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20
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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21
Q

Retina

A

Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

22
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

23
Q

Nearsightedness

A

A condition which near objects are seen more clearly than faraway objects

24
Q

Farsightedness

A

Condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects

25
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight light vision

26
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight conditions

27
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

28
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

29
Q

Fovea

A

Central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes come cluster

30
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement

31
Q

Blindsight

A

Experiencing blindness in part of their field of vision

32
Q

Young-helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory

A

Theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors 1=red 1=green 1=blue

33
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

34
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

35
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

36
Q

Frequency

A

of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (per second)

37
Q

Pitch

A

A tones experienced high/lowness; depends I. Frequency

38
Q

Middle ear

A

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

39
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

40
Q

Inter ear

A

Inner most part of a ear, containing cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

41
Q

Place theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea membrane is stimulated

42
Q

Frequency theory

A

In Hearing the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, this enabling us to sense it’s pitch

43
Q

Condition hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

44
Q

Sensorineural heading loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, nerve deafness

45
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

46
Q

Gate-control theory

A

Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals/allows them to pass on to he brain

47
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that 2 senses may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it’s taste

48
Q

McGurk effect

A

The body’s compensation of hearing and seeing 2 different things

49
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

50
Q

Synaethesia

A

One sort of sensation produces another

51
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

52
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

53
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing several aspects of a problem simultaneously

Ap Psych (24 decks)

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