Chapter 10 Flashcards
Concepts
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Cognition
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Prototypes
Mental image or best example of a category
Algorithm
Step by step procedure that always works
Heuristic
Mental short cuts, not guaranteed a solution
Insight
All of the sudden the answer comes to you which provides a sense of satisfaction
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for info that confirms ones preconceptions
Fixation
Inability to see a problem form a new perspective
Mental set
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Functional fixedness
Inability to solve a problem because it is views only in terms of usual functions
Representativeness heuristic
To judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct
Framing
The way an issue is posed (wording effect)
Belief bias
Tendency for ones preexisting belief to distort logical reasoning
Belief perseverance
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Language
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning (prefix)
Grammer
System of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning fro, morphemes, words and sentences in a given language
Syntax
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Babbling stage
4 months old, speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to be household language
One word stage
1-2 yrs old. Child speaks mostly in single words
Two word stage
2 yrs old. Child speaks mostly in 2 word statements
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs “go car”
Linguistic determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Creativity
The ability to think in original ways and come up with the unique solutions to problems
Chomsky
Believed that language will naturally occur, father of linguistic
