Chapter 8 Flashcards
what are the functions of body fluids?
- transport gases, nutrients, and wastes
- help generate the electrical activity needed to power body functions
- take part in the transformation of food into energy
- maintain the overall function of the body
body fluid is made of what 2 compontents?
intracellular compartment and extracellular compartments
extracellular compartment is made up of what
- intersitital fluid
- plasma compartment
- transcellular compartment
the plasma compartment of ECF may be referred to as
serum
plasma contains a high amount
of protein in blood
interstitial fluid does ____ circulate
not
interstitial fluid surrounds __________ within tissue spaces and lymph.
cells/fluid
transcellular fluid is ________ of the normal compartments.
outside
transcellular fluid is separated by a layer of _________
epithelium
plasma and interstitial fluids contain large amounts of
Na+ and Cl-, mainly in the form of NaCl
Intracellular fluid contains large amounts of
potassium
capillary/intersitial fluid exchange is the forces that keep ________ ________ in check
interstitial fluid
lymph helps move what?
fluid
cells will neither shrink nor swell
isotonic
cells will swell
hypotonic
cells will shrink
hypertonic
accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
edema
what is pitting edema?
when you press the edema and a pit/dent forms
describe a isotonic disorder
too much or too little, but still the same. proportionate amount Na+ and H2O lost.
reasons for isotonic disorder
dehydration and fluid excess
What is the range of sodium?
135-145
What is the most plentiful electrolyte in the ECF?
sodium
Sodium is important for
acid-base balance and contributor to nervous system
Patient is presenting with high levels of sodium and experencing symptoms of dry skin and mucus membranes as well headache, restlessness and agitation. What disorder are the suffering from?
hypernatremia
describe hypernatremia
sodium level more than 145
net loss of water, sweating and failure to drink
S/S: dry skin and mucus membranes
CNS symptoms: headache, restlessness, and agitation
describe hyponatremia
sodium level less than 135
net gain of water due to renal disease and heart failure
sodium loss due to sweating
S/S: disorientation, confusion, gross motor function
normal potassium level
3.5-5.5
most potassium is stored in the
muscle
potassium is lost in the
urine
patient is presenting low potassium levels and is experiencing cardiac symptoms. what might the patient be suffering from?
hypokalemia
describe hypokalemia
potassium levels lower than 3.5
arrhythmias
what are some of the reasons for hypokalemia?
inadequate intake
excessive GI, renal, and skin losses
redistribution between the ICF and ECF
describe hyperkalemia:
level >5.5
decreased renal elimination
movement ICF to ECF
S/S: most related to neuromuscular excitability, parasthesias, SOB secondary to respiratory muscle weakness, heart: bradycardia, V fib
what is the calcium value
8.5-10.5
calcium is controlled by
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Calcium most be in the ECF for _____ ________
blood clotting
Calcium is important for contraction of ________ ______.
smooth muscle
hypocalcemia is usually caused by
low albumin
your patients lab come back and indicate that your patient has hypocalcemia. what would the lab levels be to indicate this?
< 8.5mg
hypocalcemia is usually _______, but in severe cases can cause _________ and ________.
asymptomatic. tetany and seizures
what are the lab levels for hypercalcemia?
> 10.5 mg
hypercalcemia is usually caused by kidneys not being able to _______
eliminate
the most common cause of hypercalcemia is increased _________ ________ due to neoplasms and hyperparathyroidism.
bone reabsorption
signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia are most related to
cardiac
what are the values for magnesium?
1.8-3
magnesium is required for energy metabolism and _________ _____ ________.
proper DNA replication
magnesium is essential for all reactions that require _____.
ATP
magnesium is a _______ _______.
muscle relaxer.
patient presents with magnesium level of 1.2 and cardiac symptoms like tachycardia. what could your patient be suffering from?
hypomagnesemia
hypomagnesemia is usually from
insufficent intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, and medications
If you see a low Mg+ lab level, what other lab levels may be low?
K+ and Ca+
what are the values for hypermagnesemia?
> 3.0
hypermagnesemia is usually related to
renal insufficiency
what medications might contribute to hypermagnesemia?
laxative, antacids, mineral supplement
what is are the manifestations of hypermagnesemia?
hyporeflexia (too relaxed), low BP, and cardiac arrest
normal pH is ______ - ______.
7.35-7.45
the lower the pH, the more _____.
acid
the higher the pH, the more _____.
base
acid base balance homeostasis is through
bicarbonate buffer system
What are the normal CO2 levels?
35-45
more CO2 =
acid
HCO3- is a _____.
base
normal range of HCO3-
22-26
There is a problem with the lungs, and they are not able to rid the body of excess CO2. this is called _________
acidosis from the lungs or respiratory acidosis
Acidosis from lungs (respiratory acidosis) is when the pH is ______ and CO2 is ______
pH <7.35 and CO2 >45
When the kidneys are either producing too little HCO3 or producing too much acid through metabolic processes that the kidney cannot keep up. This is called _______
acidosis from the kidneys or metabolic acidosis
Acidosis from the kidneys (metabolic acidosis) is when pH is _____ and HCO3- is _______.
pH <7.35 and HCO3- <22
