chapter 31 Flashcards
what are the primary functions of the gasses of respiration?
remove CO2 and to add additional O2
hypoxemia results from
inadequate O2 in the air, disease of respiratory system, dysfunction of neurological system, alterations in circulatory system
PaO2 60mmHg = 90%
mild hypoxemia
what are some of the manifestations of hypoxemia?
metabolic acidosis, increase in heart, peripheral vasoconstriction, diaphoresis, increase in BP, slight impairment of mental performance
chronic hypoxemia causes a increased production of what
rbc
Hypercapnia means
increase in CO2
what level of CO2 would indicate hypercapnia?
PCO2 >50mmHg
hypercapnia may be due to _______________ or mismatching of _________________.
hypoventilation. ventilation and perfusion
hypercapnia may not be
symptomatic
Most people with hypoxia have elevated ____.
CO2
involves movement of air into lungs
ventilation
diffusion of O2 and CO2 is driven by
partial pressure of gases
involves circulation of blood through pulmonary circulation
perfusion
scar tissue replaces elasticity which makes it hard for the lungs to what?
expand
what are some examples of obstructive airway disorders?
COPD and Asthma
obstructive airway disorders are characterized by limited ____________ airflow
expiratory
obstructive airway disorders are due to:
diameter of airway, changes in bronchial wall, injury to mucosal lining, excess respiratory tract secretions
what are some possible airway obstructions?
mucus, bronchial spasm, fluid, destruction of lung tissue
what are some common COPD symptoms?
cough, mucus/sputum, SOB, wheezing, chest tightness
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that….
isn’t fully reversible.
true or false: all asthmas are permenant
false
chronic inflammatory disorder of airways.
may be related to interactions between genetics and environment.
wheezing and breathlessness
acute asthma
in asthma, air has a hard time…
getting in and out
primarily reversible. bronchial hyperactivity vessel dilation smooth muscle spasm mucosal edema
bronchial asthma
what are the major causes of COPD: emphysema
smoking and inherited
COPD: emphysema is characterized by and results in
- loss of lung elasticity
- hyperinflation of lungs
- damage/collapse of alveoli
COPD: chronic bronchitis is usually associated with
smoking and recurrent infections
hypersecretion of mucus and hyperinflation of lungs
copd: chronic bronchitis
3 things to know about restrictive lung disorders:
- diminished lung capacity
- results in scarring and increased collagen
- no wheezing or airway obstruction
where blood picks up O2 from alveoli and where CO2 removed from the blood through the alveoli on exhalation/expiration.
perfusion
disorders of pulmonary circulation are
low pressure systems
fat from the bone marrow after injury or fracture. thrombi from DVT.
pulmonary embolism
pulmonary embolism cause
higher pressure
primary pulmonary hypertension orginates in
pulmonary arteries
right heart failure resulting from primary lung disease and long standing primary or secondary HTN. creates stress on right side of heart
cor pulmonale
what occurs in asthma?
a. airway inflammation
b. bronchospasm
c. decreased ability to clear mucus
d. all of the above
d
which chronic obstructive pulmonary disease primarily affects the alveoli?
emphysema
