Chapter 10: Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Flashcards
any organism that harbors another organism
host
normal organisms that live on or in the body but do not cause disease (present throughout life)
microflora
refers to the intensity of the disease produced by pathogens, and it varies among different microbial species (disease-inducing potential)
virulence
means that microorganisms are multiplying in or on the host (do not see “infection:)
colonization
occurs when an infection results in a change from a state of health
disease
most commonly is used to refer to infectious organisms, capable of causing disease in a host (does not always cause disease, but usually does)
pathogen
free living organisms obtaining their growth from dead or decaying organic material from the environment
saprophytes
an interaction in which the microorganism and the host both derive benefits from the interaction
mutualism
an interaction in which colonizing bacteria acquire nutritional needs and shelter but the host body is not affected
commensalism
only the infecting organism benefits from the relationship
parasitic relationship
kinds of various agents:
viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites
true or false: viral infections are hard to get rid of and are hard to kill.
true
true or false: viral infections can reproduce their own cells.
false. viral infections can’t reproduce their own cells so they take over some in your body.
viral infections can’t reproduce their own cells so they take over some in your body, then —>
unravel DNA and make you make copies of them
gram positive bacteria are stained
purple by dye
gram negative bacteria are stained
reddish/pink
What will the classification of bacteria tell us?
know which antibiotics will work better
Many diabetic patient experience fungi (yeast and molds) why?
Fungi grows well in sugary conditions.
Fungi is found where?
on the surface of the skin
what are some reasons for contracting infectious diseases?
- immune system fails
- germs too numerous
- germs too virulent (infectious)
- immune system is compromised, damaged, or weakened
person to person transmission
direct contact
transmission transferred via nonliving object
indirect contact
types of transmission
direct, indirect, ingestion, vehicle, inhalation (airborne and droplet), nosocomial
what is nosocomial transmission?
infectious disease contracted while being in healthcare setting
methods of entry –>
penetration of skin and penetration of mucous membranes
what is the most common route of entry for infectious diseases?
mucous membranes
What is the infectious process after entry?
colonization –> invasion —> multiplication –> spread
What happens during colonization of the infectious process?
pathogens present, may infect others
What happens during invasion of the infectious process?
attaches to host cells via adhesion molecules and receptors:cell injury, alteration in function or death
What happens during the multiplication stage of the infectious process?
uses host nutrients/environment. when we become symptomatic. tissue damage
what happens during the spread stage of the infectious process?
migration through tissue, circulatory, or lymph systems
In what stage of the infectious process do we start see symptoms?
the multiplication stage
What is essential for the host to fight off infectino?
protein
What are the 5 stages of infectious disease?
- incubation
- prodrome
- acute
- convalescence
- resolution
describe the incubation period:
time between entry of parasite and appearance of symptoms
describe prodrome period:
accompanied by mild symptoms. initial appearance of symptoms vague, general symptoms.
In what stage will you feel the worst and will your immune system be activated?
during the acute stage
In what stage will sign and symptoms subside?
convalescence stage
describe the resolution stage:
where you go back to normal/disease free
combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and make you think of a particular disease or abnormal condition. Has to be multiple
syndrome
after recovery, some diseases leave after-effects… what is this called
sequelae
Your patient has previously had strep but is now recovered. She is now experiencing heart problems. What is this called?
sequelae
virulence factors make an infection more likely to cause what?
disease or to make you sick
tend to be gram negative bacterial toxins. makes you more and more sick. can lead to other issues
endotoxins
during replication, bacteria make these toxins. they create death or dysfunction of cells
exotoxins
help infectious organisms stick to the body. like a sticky frog
adhesion factors
bacteria/virus comes in and helps bacteria or virus hide from immune system
colonization
host becomes more ill as byproducts of damage
invasion factors and toxins
what are some examples of virulence factors?
endotoxins, exotoxins, adhesion, colonization, invasion
Your patient has an infection limited to a small area… what kind of infection can this be classified as?
localized infection
agent has spread throughout whole body
systemic infection
caused by infectious agents of their products circulating in blood. toxins and viruses in blood. these are life threatening
toxemia, viremia, and septicemia
What kind of lab would you take to grow out a sample and see what kind of bacteria it is?
a culture
DNA/RNA sequencing are looking at what?
bacteria
competent of blood. includes measurement of antibody tier. tells medical team if your body is ready to fight off infection with the amount of antibodies you have.
serelogy
IgM –>
rises during the acute phase, then falls
IgG: –>
remains elevated after the acute phase
What is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)?
take a bunch of people who have donated blood and put it in bag and give it to patient. pulls the antibodies together and hopefully help patients fight off whatever it is they are fighting. given as a infusion
