Chapter 15

Question 1

lowest hierarchy of motor function

Answer 1

spinal cord

Question 2

the spinal serves as a

Answer 2

• conduit for motor information
• conduit for sensory information
• as a center for coordinating certain reflexes

Question 3

basal ganglia: gracefulness and

Answer 3

support posture

Question 4

cerebellum dysfunction

Answer 4

timing, coordination and accuracy of limb movement

Question 5

brain stem: cerebellum and basal ganglia deals with

Answer 5

smooth movement and posture

Question 6

damage to the cerebellum produces

Answer 6

cerebellular ataxia or loss of coordination and accuracy of limb movement

Question 7

highest level of motor function

Answer 7

motor cortex

Question 8

motor cortex is located in the

Answer 8

frontal lobe

Question 9

the motor cortex deals with

Answer 9

precise, skillful and intentional movements of distal and flexor muscles of limb and speech

Question 10

the motor cortex recieves _________, interprets, makes a ______, and _______ signal down the spinal cord.

Answer 10

receives information, interprets, makes a plan , and sends signal down to the spinal cord.

Question 11

the upper motor neurons link

Answer 11

primary motor cortex and spinal cord

Question 12

what are the two tracts of the upper motor neurons

Answer 12

1. fine skilled movement of skeletal muscle/those that require dexterity
2. gross motor movements

Question 13

lower motor neurons…

Answer 13

complete the circuit and enervate skeletal muscles

Question 14

connection of nerve to muscle is called

Answer 14

neuromuscular junction

Question 15

more motor neurons =

Answer 15

increased strength of contraction

Question 16

describe the initiation of voluntary movement

Answer 16

• signal request for intended movement
• signal goes to UMN in primary motor cortex
• additional signals from midbrain
• UMN axons- descending tracts/motor/ventral
• LMN release ACh from presynaptic terminals
• peripheral nervous system,
• muscle contraction

Question 17

upper neuron damage in the CNS causes

Answer 17

weakness and loss of voluntary motion. the spial reflexes remain intact but can’t be modulated by the brain

Question 18

lower motor neurons damage neurons…

Answer 18

directly innervating muscles are affected

Question 19

muscle no loger active

Answer 19

disuse atrophy

Question 20

loss of nerve function in LMN

Answer 20

denervation atrophy

Question 21

contractile protein not properly attached to the cell membrane of the muscle cell. protein movement does not effectively contract the muscle cell.

Answer 21

muscular dystrophy

Question 22

affects extrapyramidal system. normally influences initation, modulation and completion of movement. dopamine deficiency in basal ganglia.

Answer 22

parkinsons disease

Question 23

destruction of myelin on axons. demyelinated/sclerotic patches develop through white matter. decreased conduction velocity. hard yellow plaques form in the CNS white matter. seen as a partial loss of action potential and consquent neurological dysfunction.

Answer 23

multiple sclerosis

Question 24

MS is caused by

Answer 24

cause unknown. thought to be viral infection, autoimmune, allergic response, genetic.

Question 25

MS is dependent on

Answer 25

extent of myelin destruction, site of myelin destruction, adequacy of subsquent restored synaptic transmission

Question 26

MS symptoms are related to

Answer 26

area affected by demyelinated

Question 27

MS symptoms only affects the

Answer 27

CNS