Chapter 3 Flashcards
pathology
study of disease
pathophysiology
how physiology is affected by disease
evidence-based practice
why we do what we do
true or false: cells have to find a way to adapt to survive
true
cells that are damaged that will go back to normal are called
reversible cell damage
cells that are damaged that won’t go back to normal
irreversible cell damage
what are the two kinds of irreversible cell damage?
- necrosis
2. apoptosis
cell will not recover
necrosis
cell suicide, removes cells that are. being replaced or worn out
apoptosis
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Necrosis is a pathological process caused due to external agents like toxins, trauma, and infections. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death to help control the number of cells in the body.
we adapt in response to what?
stimuli
in response to stimuli the cell develops a new altered state but remains functional (able to remain in homeostasis)
adaption
cells change in order to compensate a _______
stressor
the act of compensatory change is the body’s way of
adapting by increasing or decreasing size or number of cells
physiologic compensatory change:
adapting w/o underlying disease process
pathologic compensatory change:
underlying disease that is causing it to adapt
hormonal compensatory change:
can be normal compensatory changes
what are the types of adaption?
- hyperplasia
- hypertrophy
- atrophy
- metaplasia
- dysplasia
when there is a increase number of cells in tissue or organs
hyperplasia
when does hyperplasia occur?
occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitoic division.
type of adaption where there is a increase in size. cells get bigger
hypertrophy
when can hypertrophy be a bad thing?
if heart becomes hypertrophic, it can be life threatening
when cells decrease in size or function
atrophy
What are some of the causes of atrophy?
disuse, lack of blood flow, malnutrition, denervation or reduced endocrine stimulation
Your patient is experencing lack of blood flow to a certain part of the body, what might you be concerned of?
atrophy
subsition of another cell reversible change in which one adult replaced for another.
metaplasia
what is a big factor risk of malignancy
smoking
deranged cellular growth of a specific tissue
dysplasia
signs of dysplasia
chronic irriation or inflammation
dysplasia as a precursor of what
cancer but it doesn’t always lead to it
reversible cell injury does what?
impairs cell function not death
irreversible injury or cell death :
apoptosis or necrosis
what would indicate cell injury?
cellular changes, altered shape, size and organization
Your patient is experiencing oxygen deprivation, what can that tell you about the cells?
the are vulnerable to cell injury
What is the #1 cause of cell injury?
oxygen deprivation
What are some causes of cell injury?
physical agents, chemical agents, radition, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic derangements, nutritonal imbalances
O2 deprivation impairs what
aerobic respiration and ability to produce ATP
lack of O2 results in decreased aerobic respiration
hypoxia
lack of O2 and metabolic substrates. loss of ATP. causes a influx of NaCl.
ischemia
The influx of NaCl in ischemia results in what
swelling
aerobic metabolism stops –>
less ATP produced
anaerobic metabolism used —>
lactic acid produced
the longer the tissue is hypoxic, there is a increased chance of
irreversible cell injury
Causes of hypoxic cell injury:
inadequate o2 in air, respiratory disease, inability of cells to use oxygen, edema, ischemia
molecules that are responsible for aging, tissue damage and possibly some diseases.
free radicals
free radicals react with
proteins, lipids, and carbs in cell membrane
describe dry gangrene
becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles and its color changes dark brown to black. spread is slow
describe wet gangrene
area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. skin is moist, black, and foul odor.
