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Pathophysiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

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2
Q

pathophysiology

A

how physiology is affected by disease

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3
Q

evidence-based practice

A

why we do what we do

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4
Q

true or false: cells have to find a way to adapt to survive

A

true

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5
Q

cells that are damaged that will go back to normal are called

A

reversible cell damage

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6
Q

cells that are damaged that won’t go back to normal

A

irreversible cell damage

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7
Q

what are the two kinds of irreversible cell damage?

A
  1. necrosis

2. apoptosis

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8
Q

cell will not recover

A

necrosis

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9
Q

cell suicide, removes cells that are. being replaced or worn out

A

apoptosis

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10
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Necrosis is a pathological process caused due to external agents like toxins, trauma, and infections. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death to help control the number of cells in the body.

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11
Q

we adapt in response to what?

A

stimuli

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12
Q

in response to stimuli the cell develops a new altered state but remains functional (able to remain in homeostasis)

A

adaption

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13
Q

cells change in order to compensate a _______

A

stressor

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14
Q

the act of compensatory change is the body’s way of

A

adapting by increasing or decreasing size or number of cells

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15
Q

physiologic compensatory change:

A

adapting w/o underlying disease process

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16
Q

pathologic compensatory change:

A

underlying disease that is causing it to adapt

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17
Q

hormonal compensatory change:

A

can be normal compensatory changes

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18
Q

what are the types of adaption?

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. hypertrophy
  3. atrophy
  4. metaplasia
  5. dysplasia
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19
Q

when there is a increase number of cells in tissue or organs

A

hyperplasia

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20
Q

when does hyperplasia occur?

A

occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitoic division.

21
Q

type of adaption where there is a increase in size. cells get bigger

A

hypertrophy

22
Q

when can hypertrophy be a bad thing?

A

if heart becomes hypertrophic, it can be life threatening

23
Q

when cells decrease in size or function

A

atrophy

24
Q

What are some of the causes of atrophy?

A

disuse, lack of blood flow, malnutrition, denervation or reduced endocrine stimulation

25
Q

Your patient is experencing lack of blood flow to a certain part of the body, what might you be concerned of?

A

atrophy

26
Q

subsition of another cell reversible change in which one adult replaced for another.

A

metaplasia

27
Q

what is a big factor risk of malignancy

A

smoking

28
Q

deranged cellular growth of a specific tissue

A

dysplasia

29
Q

signs of dysplasia

A

chronic irriation or inflammation

30
Q

dysplasia as a precursor of what

A

cancer but it doesn’t always lead to it

31
Q

reversible cell injury does what?

A

impairs cell function not death

32
Q

irreversible injury or cell death :

A

apoptosis or necrosis

33
Q

what would indicate cell injury?

A

cellular changes, altered shape, size and organization

34
Q

Your patient is experiencing oxygen deprivation, what can that tell you about the cells?

A

the are vulnerable to cell injury

35
Q

What is the #1 cause of cell injury?

A

oxygen deprivation

36
Q

What are some causes of cell injury?

A

physical agents, chemical agents, radition, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic derangements, nutritonal imbalances

37
Q

O2 deprivation impairs what

A

aerobic respiration and ability to produce ATP

38
Q

lack of O2 results in decreased aerobic respiration

A

hypoxia

39
Q

lack of O2 and metabolic substrates. loss of ATP. causes a influx of NaCl.

A

ischemia

40
Q

The influx of NaCl in ischemia results in what

A

swelling

41
Q

aerobic metabolism stops –>

A

less ATP produced

42
Q

anaerobic metabolism used —>

A

lactic acid produced

43
Q

the longer the tissue is hypoxic, there is a increased chance of

A

irreversible cell injury

44
Q

Causes of hypoxic cell injury:

A

inadequate o2 in air, respiratory disease, inability of cells to use oxygen, edema, ischemia

45
Q

molecules that are responsible for aging, tissue damage and possibly some diseases.

A

free radicals

46
Q

free radicals react with

A

proteins, lipids, and carbs in cell membrane

47
Q

describe dry gangrene

A

becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles and its color changes dark brown to black. spread is slow

48
Q

describe wet gangrene

A

area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. skin is moist, black, and foul odor.

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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