Chapter 38

Question 1

functions of the liver

Answer 1

• detoxifies/removes drugs and alcohol.
• stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, E, K, iron, and cholesterol
• activates vitamin D
• phagocytosis
• metabolizes absorbed food and molecules

Question 2

hepatic portal vein leads to the

Answer 2

digestive tract and major abdominal organs

Question 3

hepatic veins are valveless veins that

Answer 3

empty into the inferior vena cava

Question 4

physiologic and metabolic functions of the liver

Answer 4

• drug and hormone metabolism
• bile production, digestive secretion
• synthesizes clotting factors
• filter blood and bacterial and foreign particle removal
• conversion of amonia to urea
• synthesizes plasma proteins
• maintenance of blood glucose

Question 5

metabolic functions:

sugars ->

Answer 5

stored as glycogen, converted to glucose, used to make fats

Question 6

metabolic functions:

proteins ->

Answer 6

synthesized from amino acids; ammonia made into urea

Question 7

metabolic functions:

fats ->

Answer 7

oxidized for energy, synthesized, packaged into lipoproteins

Question 8

what is the major cause of prehepatic jaundice

Answer 8

excessive hemolysis of red blood cells

Question 9

intrahepatic jaundice is caused by

Answer 9

disorders that directly affect the ability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood or conjugate it so it can eliminated in the bile

Question 10

posthepatic occurs when

Answer 10

bile flow is obstructed between the liver and the intestine

Question 11

what are the causes of jaundice?

Answer 11

• excessive destruction of rbc
• impaired uptake of bilirubin by the liver cells
• decreased conjugation of bilirubin
• obstruction of bile flow i the canaliculi of the hepatic lobules or in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts

Question 12

liver disease causes:

Answer 12

• drugs and alcohol
• biliary disorders
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• cirrhosis

Question 13

alcohol-induced liver disease stages

Answer 13

1- fatty liver disease
2- alcoholic hepatitis (start to see symptoms)
3- alcoholic cirrhosis (blood flow impairment)

Question 14

what are some things that increase drug elimination?

Answer 14

alcohol and barbituates and increased enzymes

Question 15

a person has a poor diet and is consuming grapefruit juice… what could this lead to?

Answer 15

decreased drug elimination

Question 16

autoimmune destruction of bile ducts

Answer 16

primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 17

prolonged obstruction of extrabiliry tree

Answer 17

secondary biliary cirrhosis

Question 18

liver disease to failure is

Answer 18

cirrhosis

Question 19

in cirrhosis, nodular and fibrotic liver tissue replace

Answer 19

hepatic tissue

Question 20

hematologic disorders are characterized by

Answer 20

anemia, thrombcytopenia, coagulation defects, leukopenia

Question 21

endocrine disorders are characterized by

Answer 21

fluid retention, hypokalemia, disordered sexual functions

Question 22

skin disorders are characterized by

Answer 22

jaundice, red palms, spider nevi

Question 23

hepatorenal syndrome

Answer 23

azotemia, increased plasma creatinine, oliguria

Question 24

hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 24

asterixis, confusion, coma, convulsion

Question 25

obstructive jaundice

Answer 25

gallstones and tumors of the pancreas or bile duct

Question 26

hemolytic jaundice

Answer 26

overactive spleen, cancers, rbc abnormailty with increased destruction

Question 27

distensible, pear-shaped, muscular sac locared on the ventral surface of the liver

Answer 27

gallbladder

Question 28

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 28

store and concentrate bile

Question 29

process of formation of gallstone:

Answer 29

entrance of food into the intestine cuases the gallbladder to contract and the sphincter of the bile duct to relax. –> bile moves into duodenum

Question 30

the two primary factors that contribuate to the formation of gallstones

Answer 30

1. abnormalities in the composition of bile

2. stasis of bile

Question 31

exocrine pancreas releases

Answer 31

digestive juices through a duct to the duodenum

Question 32

endocrine pancreas releases

Answer 32

hormones into the blood

Question 33

insulin and glucogon is _________ function

Answer 33

endocrine

Question 34

amylase (carbohydrates), trypsin (proteins), lipase (fats) = ________ function

Answer 34

exocrine

Question 35

common causes of acute pancreatitis

Answer 35

gallstones/reflux, alcohol abuse

Question 36

biliary reflux:

Answer 36

1. gallbladder contracts
2. bile is sent down common bile duct
3. blockage forms in ampulla of vater: bile cannot enter duodenum- usually from a gallstone.
4. bile goes up pancreatic duct
5. bile in pancreas disrupts tissues; digestive enzymes activated

Question 37

explain acute pancreatitis

Answer 37

happens when activated enzymes digest the pancreas cells. these enzymes cause autodigestion of pancreatic tissue and leak into bloodstream to cause injury to blood vessels and other organs

Question 38

patients with chronic pancreatitis often have

Answer 38

digestive problems because of inability to deliever enzymes to the duodenum, glucose control problems because of damage to islets of Langerhans, signs of biliary obstruction because of underlying bile tract disorders .