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Pathophysiology > Chapter 6: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth

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2
Q

neoplasia

A

the process of a new growth

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3
Q

A neoplasm could also be called what

A

tumor

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4
Q

the common term for all malignant tumors; a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues

A

cancer

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5
Q

oncology is defined as

A

the study of tumors and neoplasm

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6
Q

What is a neoplasia?

A

abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which extends and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after taking away the stimuli that caused it

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7
Q

What are the differences between neoplastic growth and normal adaption?

A

Neoplasms proliferate to form new tissue.

They do not wait for signals from the body that new tissue is needed

The ignore signals to stop dividing

They often do not mature normally (differentiate) to do that “job” the tissue is supposed to do

They do not die off to keep the number of total cells constant.

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8
Q

process in which a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell in response to specific triggers from the body or cell itself

A

differentation

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9
Q

reserve cells that remain quiet until a need for replenishment

A

stem cells

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10
Q

define benign tumors

A

usually don’t turn into cancer.

grow slowly/stop, well defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated, low mitotic index, do not metastasize, often fibrous, grows by expanison

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11
Q

define malignant tumors

A

cancerous

grow rapidly, not encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, can spread distantly, rob nutrients, compress vessels, steals enzymes and toxins.

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12
Q

majority of cancers are caused by

A

genetic and molecular mechanisms

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13
Q

genetic and molecular mechanisms do what to the body

A

damage and mutation within the body

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14
Q

what are the external factors/environment/hosts that can cause cancer?

A

age, heredity, enviromental agents, diets, exposures

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15
Q

proto-oncogenes-

A

good guys/normal genes that code proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentation

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16
Q

oncogene-

A

bad guy/ a gene that, when expressed in high levels, helps turn a normal cell into a tumor cell

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17
Q

oncogene encourage

A

the growth of abnormal/mutated gene

18
Q

to help allow for cells to divide and increase in number. when damaged cells try to replicate these stop them until damage is repaired

A

tumor-supressor gene

19
Q

tumor supressor genes promote

A

apoptosis

20
Q

malfunctioning tumor supressor genes allow for

A

damaged cells to continue replication

21
Q

recruitment of blood vessels from the network of neighbooring vessels

A

angiogenesis

22
Q

angiogenesis is triggered and regulated by

A

tumor growth factors

23
Q

advanced cancers can secrete _________ factors to faciliate “feeding the tumor”

A

angiogenic

24
Q

the act of individual tumor cells using blood vessels as highways once angiogenesis has occured

A

metastasis

25
Q

cancer is predominantly a disease of

A

aging

26
Q

_______ _______ required before cancer can develop

A

multiple mutations

27
Q

what is another important factor affecting tumor growth?

A

age

28
Q

What are some of the external/environmental factors that cause cancer?

A

chemicals known as carcinogens, radiation, viruses: EBV, HPV, Hep B, heredity, obesity, and hormones

29
Q

______ ________ is an important factor in the development of cancer.

A

chronic inflammation

30
Q

Your patient comes and has these three signs: obese, inflammation and hormone changes. What do they have an increase risk of?

A

Cancer

31
Q

What three things can lead to an increase risk of cancer?

A

obesity, inflammation, and hormone changes

32
Q

What kinds of cancer are linked to family history?

A

breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon

33
Q

what is important to know about a patient to understand possible links to cancer?

A

genetic screening and family history.

34
Q

proven human carcinogen

A

radiation

35
Q

substances produced by tumor cells or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign conditions

A

tumor markers

36
Q

tumor markers are used for

A

screening, monitoring and detecting recurrence esp in high risk individuals

37
Q

what is the purpose of a pap test?

A

looking for abnormal cells; size, shape or organization

38
Q

removal of tissue speciman for microscopic study. allows for diagnosing type and background of origin

A

tissue biopsy

39
Q

what are the main issues with benign tumors?

A

space occupation, tissue, pain, pressure, bleeding and inflammation secondary to necrosis.

40
Q

true or false: benign tumors can not kill you

A

false; benign tumors can kill you

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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