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Pathophysiology > Ch. 25 > Flashcards

Ch. 25 Flashcards

1
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer of the heart- lines the chambers, reduces friction as blood passes through the chambers

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2
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer of the heart- does majority of pumping/ contracting

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3
Q

epicardium

A

the outer layer of the heart; double-layered pleural sac, allows for reduction of friction,

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4
Q

flow of blood starting from superior/inferior vena cava

A

superior vena cava (from head and arms), or the inferior vena cava (from trunk and legs), into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve into he right ventricle, up through the pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, left or right pulmonary artery into the lungs.

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5
Q

flow of blood from the lungs

A

from the lungs, blood flows in through branches of the left pulmonary vein, into the left atrium, through the mitral (bicuspid) valve, into the left ventricle, up through the aortic semilunar valve, into the right pulmonary artery, through the aortic arch, and out the descending aorta.

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6
Q

the atriums are surrounded by what kind of muscle

A

thin muscle

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7
Q

the ventricles are surrounded by what kind of muscle

A

thick muscle

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8
Q

Functions of the Circulatory

System

A

TRANSPORT- Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues,
Carries waste products from cellular
metabolism to the kidneys and other excretory
organs, Circulates electrolytes and hormones, Transports various immune substances that
contribute to the body’s defense mechanisms
- helps regulate temperature

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9
Q

Low Pressure Pulmonary System

A

Gas Exchange
Low Pressure
Highly Distensible (stretchy)
Fluctuations

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10
Q

Arterial System/High Pressure Systemic

Circulation

A

O2 and Nutrients to tissues
High Pressure
Thick Walled (arteries are not stretchy)

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11
Q

cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

blood flow

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12
Q

cardiac output is dependent on

A 
Pressure 
Resistance 
Flow
Distensibility 
]Compliance
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13
Q

laminar blood flow

A

Reduces friction & prevents clotting factors from coming in

contact with the vessel wall

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14
Q

turbulent blood flow

A

Disordered flow
The blood moves crosswise and lengthwise in blood
vessels.

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15
Q

distensibility

A

Stretch and Accommodation of Volume
relative to pressure
Veins - More Distensible; Thinner
Arteries - Less Distensible; The Thicker &
bigger the vessel the greater the pressure it
has

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16
Q

compliance

A

(willingness to do what it is asked to do/ does it have more give)
Quantity Stored Relative to Pressure
Veins (super stretchy) vs Arteries (not v stretchy, cannot hold a large volume)

17
Q

systole

A

Ventricles contracting and emptying of blood

18
Q

diastole

A

ventricles relaxing and filling with blood

19
Q

phases of the cardiac cycle

A 
Atrial systole 
Ventricular systole
Ventricular ejection
Ventricular relaxation
Ventricular filling
20
Q

atrial systole (contraction)

A

Atria are Low Pressure Storage Chambers
70% of Blood flows Passively to Ventricles
Kick at end Represents last 30% (squeezes to get that last little bit of blood out)

21
Q

ventricular systole

A 
Ventricles contract
Blood Moves Out
The pressure of the blood forces the 
atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and 
Mitral) to shut - (producing the heart 
sound ‘lub’) - Coincides with S1
22
Q

diastole

A

Ventricles relaxed
Blood entering atria
Blood under high pressure in the arteries
(pulmonary and aortic) causes the semi lunar (pulmonic and aortic) valves to shut
This produces the second heart sound, ‘dub’ -
corresponds to S2

23
Q

cardiac output is

A

the Volume of blood flowing
through either the systemic or
pulmonary circuit in liters per minute
CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)

24
Q

heart rate is

A

number of heart beats per minute
normal 60-100 bpm
increased HR and decreased stroke volume

25
Q

Stroke volume us

A

the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat at the end of diastole (Even after the heart contracts there will be some residual blood left over in the ventricle)
- preload, afterload, (myocardial) contractility

26
Q

regulation of stroke volume

A
27
Q

preload

A 
pressure/stretch/Left 
Ventricular Wall stress at the end of  
diastole; depends on both heart and 
vascular system –the amount of filling 
of the ventricle during relaxation
28
Q

preload is increased in

A

Increased circulating volume; (too much volume)
Heart Failure
Anything that increases amount of blood entering heart

29
Q

preload is decreased in

A

Decreased circulating volume (bleeding,3rd spacing/fluid moving out of the vascular space)
Anything that reduces amount of blood entering into heart

30
Q

afterload

A 
resistance to ejection during 
systole; depends on both heart 
and vascular system - the force 
that opposes ejection of blood 
from the heart
31
Q

afterload is increased in

A

Systemic resistance or High Blood
pressure
Myocardial Infarcts / Cardiomyopathy
- Lead to Compensatory RAAS, increase ADH - Leading
to Arterial Vasoconstriction & Venous constriction

32
Q

afterload is decreased in

A

decreased volume

33
Q

Frank-Starling law of the

heart & Sympathetic stimulation

A

contractility- Within limits, the greater the stretching of the muscle fibers (preload), the greater the force of contraction.
The extra force of contraction is necessary to pump the increased volume of blood from the ventricle.
Cardiac output increases

34
Q

myocardial contractility

A

the ability of
the heart muscle to contract, the force of
contraction –
Shortening and Lengthening of cardiac fibers
(Actin and Myosin)

35
Q

increased contractility

A

positive inotropic drugs (good squeeze drugs)
sympathetic stimulation (fear anxiety)
hypercalcemia

36
Q

decreased contractility

A

drugs, infarction, cardiomyopathy, hypoxia

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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