Chapter 27

Question 1

list disorders that affect the whole heart

Answer 1

pericardial disorders, coronary heart disease, myocardial diseases

Question 2

a double layer serous membrane

Answer 2

pericardium

Question 3

what are the functions of the pericardium

Answer 3

• isolates the heart from the other thoracic structures
• maintains its position in the thorax
• prevents it from overfilling
• contributes to coupling the distensibility between the two ventricles during diastole; the both fill equaly

Question 4

the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

Answer 4

pericardial effusion

Question 5

pericardial effusion can lead to

Answer 5

cardiac tamponade

Question 6

squeezing it down so much that the heart can’t beat

Answer 6

cardiac tamponade

Question 7

a patient comes in with symptoms of cardiac tamponade… what might they be experencing?

Answer 7

tachycardia, jugular distention, low BP, and difficulty hearing heart sounds

Question 8

any vascular disorder that narrows or occlude the coronary arteries

Answer 8

coronary artery/ heart disease

Question 9

what is the most common cause of coronary artery/heart disease?

Answer 9

atherosclerosis

Question 10

what are some risk factors of coronary artery disease?

Answer 10

dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity

Question 11

atherosclerosis may cause

Answer 11

angina, heart attack, cardiac arrhythmias, conduction deficits, heart failure, sudden death

Question 12

produces a disparity between coronary blood flow and metabolic demands of the myocardium

Answer 12

FIXED coronary obstruction

Question 13

chest pain due to reversible ischemia to myocardium. reduced blood flow to the heart

Answer 13

angina

Question 14

causes of unstable angina

Answer 14

atheroscleortic plaque disruption and platelet aggregation

Question 15

what is the pain like with an unstable angina

Answer 15

pain has a more persistent and severe course and is characterized by at least one of the three features

• occurs at rest usually lasting more than 20 minutes
• severe and described as frank pain and of new onset
• occurs with a pattern that is more severe, prolonged, or frequent than previously experienced.

Question 16

the worse the ECG…

Answer 16

the greater possibilty of an acute myocardial infarction

Question 17

type of MI:
ischemia, part of the heart being affected, the inside layer not getting the oxygen. outside piece is still trying to work. not as bad

Answer 17

ST depression/ NON STEMI

Question 18

type of MI:

all across the epicardium , worse prognosis

Answer 18

ST elevation aka STEMI

Question 19

ischemic death/infarction of myocaridal tissue associated with atherosclerotic disease of coronary arteries. area affected determined by coronary artery affected

Answer 19

acute ST elevation aka heart attack

Question 20

what is the basis of diagnosis of chest pain and possible heart attack?

Answer 20

pain severity and presenting symptoms. hemodynamic stability. ECG findings

Question 21

malfunctioning heart muscles can cause heart failure if

Answer 21

ventricles are unusually thick, ventricles are too stiff, ventricles are too weak to pump blood out

Question 22

describe genetic cardiomyopathy

Answer 22

strictly genetic. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Question 23

describe mixed cardiomyopathy

Answer 23

dilated cardiomyopathy. common cause of heart failure.usually seen with hypertrophy.

Question 24

disorder in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body

Answer 24

pump failure

Question 25

not enough to fill the pump for the pump to push out

Answer 25

low preload

Question 26

think too much blood trying to get into the pump

Answer 26

increased preload

Question 27

types of pump failure:
decrease in blood to systemic circulation. increase in left atria and ventricle pressures. congestion of pulmonary system. intravascular fluid shift.

Answer 27

left ventricular dysfunction

Question 28

assessment of left ventricular dysfunction

Answer 28

crackles heard with auscultation. hypertension. confusion. S3 and S4 gallop. cough worse at night. pulmonary edema.

Question 29

type of pump failure:
decrease in pumping blood into the right heart from systemic circulation. resultant decrease in blood to pulmonary and left side of the heart . generally due to left sided heart failure.

Answer 29

right ventricular dysfunction

Question 30

assessment of right ventricular dysfunction

Answer 30

weight gain. congestion of organs and tissues. JVD.

Question 31

increase HR =

Answer 31

increased O2 demand

Question 32

increased RR=

Answer 32

increased O2 demand