Chapter 27 Flashcards
list disorders that affect the whole heart
pericardial disorders, coronary heart disease, myocardial diseases
a double layer serous membrane
pericardium
what are the functions of the pericardium
- isolates the heart from the other thoracic structures
- maintains its position in the thorax
- prevents it from overfilling
- contributes to coupling the distensibility between the two ventricles during diastole; the both fill equaly
the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
pericardial effusion
pericardial effusion can lead to
cardiac tamponade
squeezing it down so much that the heart can’t beat
cardiac tamponade
a patient comes in with symptoms of cardiac tamponade… what might they be experencing?
tachycardia, jugular distention, low BP, and difficulty hearing heart sounds
any vascular disorder that narrows or occlude the coronary arteries
coronary artery/ heart disease
what is the most common cause of coronary artery/heart disease?
atherosclerosis
what are some risk factors of coronary artery disease?
dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity
atherosclerosis may cause
angina, heart attack, cardiac arrhythmias, conduction deficits, heart failure, sudden death
produces a disparity between coronary blood flow and metabolic demands of the myocardium
FIXED coronary obstruction
chest pain due to reversible ischemia to myocardium. reduced blood flow to the heart
angina
causes of unstable angina
atheroscleortic plaque disruption and platelet aggregation
what is the pain like with an unstable angina
pain has a more persistent and severe course and is characterized by at least one of the three features
- occurs at rest usually lasting more than 20 minutes
- severe and described as frank pain and of new onset
- occurs with a pattern that is more severe, prolonged, or frequent than previously experienced.
the worse the ECG…
the greater possibilty of an acute myocardial infarction
type of MI:
ischemia, part of the heart being affected, the inside layer not getting the oxygen. outside piece is still trying to work. not as bad
ST depression/ NON STEMI
type of MI:
all across the epicardium , worse prognosis
ST elevation aka STEMI
ischemic death/infarction of myocaridal tissue associated with atherosclerotic disease of coronary arteries. area affected determined by coronary artery affected
acute ST elevation aka heart attack
what is the basis of diagnosis of chest pain and possible heart attack?
pain severity and presenting symptoms. hemodynamic stability. ECG findings
malfunctioning heart muscles can cause heart failure if
ventricles are unusually thick, ventricles are too stiff, ventricles are too weak to pump blood out
describe genetic cardiomyopathy
strictly genetic. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
describe mixed cardiomyopathy
dilated cardiomyopathy. common cause of heart failure.usually seen with hypertrophy.
disorder in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body
pump failure
not enough to fill the pump for the pump to push out
low preload
think too much blood trying to get into the pump
increased preload
types of pump failure:
decrease in blood to systemic circulation. increase in left atria and ventricle pressures. congestion of pulmonary system. intravascular fluid shift.
left ventricular dysfunction
assessment of left ventricular dysfunction
crackles heard with auscultation. hypertension. confusion. S3 and S4 gallop. cough worse at night. pulmonary edema.
type of pump failure:
decrease in pumping blood into the right heart from systemic circulation. resultant decrease in blood to pulmonary and left side of the heart . generally due to left sided heart failure.
right ventricular dysfunction
assessment of right ventricular dysfunction
weight gain. congestion of organs and tissues. JVD.
increase HR =
increased O2 demand
increased RR=
increased O2 demand
