Chapter 26: Disorders of Blood Flow and BP Regulation Flashcards
tunica intima -
endothelium
tunica media -
smooth muscle
tunica adventitia -
collagen and elastic fibers
functions of endothelial cells
- allows for movement of food, O2, wastes, CO2
- creates compounds that cause vasodilation
- resist clot formation
- creates compounds to promote clot formation in injured areas
vascular smooth muscle cells are found mostly where
tunica media
Vascular smooth muscle cells controls…
vasoconstriction or dilation of blood vessels
HDL cholesterol
good cholesterol; protective
should be around 60mg/dL
Total cholesterol
<240 is desirable
LDL cholesterol
main lipoprotein carrier of cholesterol. Made in the liver.
<100 is desirable
thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall. believed to be an inflammatory disease.
atherosclerosis
Injured endothelial cells make it where they are no longer able to make …
their normal amount of vasodilation cytokines
reduced ability to vasodilator causes
stiff and small vessels
Plaque structure process
- endothelial cell injury
- migration of inflammatory cells
- lipid accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation
- plaque structure
A patient presents with this kind of plaque: has a thick fibrous cap, partially block vessels, not tending to form clots, and is staying where its at. What kind of plaque is this?
stable
describe a unstable plaque
have thin fibrous caps, plaque can rupture and cause a clot to form, may completely block the artery, the clot may break free and become an embolus
What is the #1 complication of thrombosis?
atherosclerosis
risk factors of atherosclerosis
hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, family history of premature CHD, Age, HDL cholesterol <40
major complications of atherosclerosis
ischemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease
clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis
narrowing of the vessels and resulting ischemia, vessel obstruction due to plaque hemorrhage, thrombosis and formation of emboli, aneurysm formation
Peripheral Artery Disease primary symptoms
intermittent claudication (blood flow is really slow which cause muscle pain) , thinning of skin, cool foot, weak or absent pedal pulses.
peripheral artery disease where the primary vasospastic disorder of unknown origin.
Raynaud disease
dilation or out pouching by complete vessel wall where blood stays in the vascular compartment
true aneurysms
with aneurysms, time is limited if they
rupture
aneurysms can be caused by
atherosclerosis which erodes vessel wall, congenital defects, trauma, infection
venous return depends on:
a blood pressure difference, the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump
a vein in which blood has pooled. distended, tortuous and palpable veins.
varicose veins
cause of varicose veins
trauma or gradual venous distention
impaired blood flow leads to
tissue congestion, edema, nutritional impairment
obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure
venous thrombosis
Venous thrombosis factors- VIRCHOW’s TRIAD
- venous stasis- immobility
- venous endothelial damage (vessel damage)
- hypercoagulable states - inherited or acquired
venous thrombosis (DVT) can be in
arms or legs
DVT have a risk of
pulmonary embolism
S/S of venous thrombosis (DVT)
swelling, pain, tenderness of entire extremity, warmth- r/t veins not returning blood to heart
__________ and __________ increase blood pressure only if the venous return is adequate
stroke volume and heart rate
pressure sensors are located in the walls of
blood vessels and heart
