Chapter 13 Flashcards
what are the functions of the nervous system?
- controls skeletal muscle movement
- regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle activity
- enables the reception, intergration and perception of sensory information
- provide the substration necessary for intelligence, anticipation and judgement
- facilites adjustment to an ever-changing external environment
consists of the brain and spinal cord
CNS
found outside the structures of the CNS. relays messages to the CNS and transmits messages that control effector organs
PNS
somatic nervous system
nerves that connect the CNS to skin and skeletal muscle. “voluntary” nervous system.
autonomic nervous system
motor and sensory pathways. located in both CNS and PNS. regulation of the body’s internal environment. hypothalamus. “involuntary” nervous system
in the autonomic nervous system, what division do we have?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
“fight or flight”. prepares body for stressful or emergency situations. neurons release norepinephrine
sympathetic divison
what does the sympathetic division do to the body?
increases heart and breathing rates, slows down muscles of the stomach and intestines. dilates pupils. constricts blood vessels- increase blood pressure.
prepares the body for rest and digest. controls most of the bodys organs. releases acetylcholine.
parasympathetic divison
what does the parasympathetic divison do to the body?
slows heart rate down, constricts pupils, activates muscles of stomach and intestine. no communication with the blood vessels
sympathetic and parasympathetic divsions are
antagonistic
functional information-processing cells
neurons
protect nervous system and supply metabolic support
(neuro)glial cells
what a neuron composed of
cell body, dendrite, axon
dendrites: ______ nerve impulse
recieve
axon: _______ nerve impulse
send
type of neuron:
sensory information from environment or inside body to CNS interpretation
afferent/sensory
type of neuron:
impulses from CNS to PNS to allow for movement/action
efferent/motor
type of neuron:
interpretive neurons between afferent and efferent nerves in the CNS
interneurons
sends information TO the brain
afferent
sends information/action FROM
efferent
help form BBB- keep out toxins
astrocytes
produce myelin; myelinating cells
oligodendrocytes
myelin insulates axons and enables axons to send nerve impulses ________ ________.
more quickly
macrophages that clean up and protect CNS.
microglial
__________ ____ wrap a layer of myelin around axons and make conduction fast with myelin sheath.
schwann cells
cells that protect the cell body
satellite
energy requirements of the brain
___ % cardiac output
___ % oxygen consumption
15% cardiac output
20% oxygen consumption
the brain cannot store ______ so it uses it immediately
oxygen
Na+ influx in the soma results in
depolarization
K+ efflux _________ the membrane
repolarizes
what are the functions of neurotransmitters
- causes muscles to contract/relax
- causes glands to secrete products
- activate or inhibit neurons
sympathetic neurotransmitter –>
catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
what do sympathetic neurotransmitters do to the body
constrict blood vessels, speed and strengthen heart, bronchodilation
parasympathetic neurotransmitter —>
acetylcholine
what do parasympathetic neurotransmitters do to the body?
slow heart, stimulate GI, vasodilate, excites skeletal muscles.
dorsal :
afferent/efferent
dorsal _____ information to the brain
sends
ventral:
efferent/motor
ventral sends information ______ the brain
from
central nervous system includes
the brain and the spinal cord
Blood-brain barrier protects the ______ of the membranes of the CNS
layers
the blood brain barrier is formed by
tight capillaries
the blood brain barrier prevents
unwanted substances from entering the CNS tissue
function of the forebrain
control cognititve, sensory, and motor function. regulate temp. reproductive functions. display of emotions
what is the forebrain composed of
thalamus, hypothalmus, cerebrum
switchboard or relay station for impulses going to and coming from the cerebrum
thalamus
homeostatic control
hypothalamus
nerve center for sensory and motor
cerebrum
coordiantes and interprets sensory info
parietal
motor, anticipation, behavior, and intellectual functions
frontal
hearing, smell, taste, and language
temporal
vision
occipital
emotional
limbic system
functions of the midbrain
controls posture and walking. handles reflexes of eye movements
functions of the hindbrain
lifesustaining processes/refelx center for involuntary processes (heart rate, respiration rate, coughing, swallowing, vomitting)
hindbrain is comprised of
medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons
controls breathing and HR
medulla oblongata
controls fine motor coordination
cerebellum
influence over several autonomic basic life functions such as consciousness and regulation of respiration.
pons
