CHAPTER 7-NEP

Question 1

What was the Gosplan?

Answer 1

the State general Planning Commission from 1921 with its headquarters in Moscow

Question 2

When was Gosplan formally established by a Sovnarkum decree?

Answer 2

February 1921

Question 3

What was the purpose of Gosplan which was formally established by a Sovnarkum decree in February 1921?

Answer 3

to advise on the NEP which Lenin formally announced at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921

Question 4

When did Lenin formally announce the NEP?

Answer 4

at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921

Question 5

Who backed Lenin on the NEP? (3)

Answer 5

Bukharin
Zinoviev
most of the leadership

Question 6

Why didn’t Lenin have a vote on the measures of the NEP?

Answer 6

as he knew many of the rank and file would see this as an ideological betrayal

Question 7

What were the 3 key changes from War Communism to NEP?

Answer 7

• Requisitioning of grain ended
• small scale industry would return to private hands
• Rationing was ended

Question 8

How did the peasantry benefit from the NEP?

Answer 8

they were allowed to sell any remaining food on the open market for their own profit

Question 9

What did the regime promise not to do in regards to the peasantry ?

Answer 9

They promised no to try to carry through forcible collectivisation of land

Question 10

Although the requisitioning of grain had ended with the NEP, what was still required of them?

Answer 10

They were still required to give a quota to the State which turned into a tax in 1923

Question 11

Although private trade would be allowed, what would remain under the control of the state?

Answer 11

• Banks

- Transport

Question 12

How were industries required to pay their workers?

Answer 12

out of profits

Question 13

What helped money to flow more freely?

Answer 13

the opening of private businesses such as shops and restaurants in cities

Question 14

What re-emerged as a result of the NEP allowing peasants to sell surplus grain?

Answer 14

the Kulak class

Question 15

In 1923 what caused an imbalance in the economy?

Answer 15

large quantities of food entered the cities causing food prices to drop

Question 16

Why did the food prices fall below those of industrial goods in the summer of 1923?

Answer 16

as the factories and workshops were taking longer to rebuild and expand their output

Question 17

What was a result of there being a lack of industrial goods to exchange for grain?

Answer 17

The peasants held back supplies

Question 18

How did the government deal with the hoarding of grain from the peasants?

Answer 18

They replaced the peasant quotas with money taxes in 1923 therefore forcing them to sell

Question 19

What was the state of production levels by 1926?

Answer 19

they had reached the same levels as 1913

Question 20

By 1925 how many sole traders were there in Moscow?

Answer 20

25,000

Question 21

Who were Nepmen?

Answer 21

speculative traders who bought produce from the peasantry to sell in the towns to make profit

Question 22

What % of retail trade did Nepmen control by 1923?

Answer 22

c75%

Question 23

Why were Nepmen hated by Bolsheviks?

Answer 23

as they flaunted their wealth openly

Question 24

What was Lenin’s argument for the NEP?

Answer 24

‘One step forward, two steps back’

Question 25

What did Zinoviev one of the Politburo members who worked out the policy say?

Answer 25

that the NEP was ‘only a temporary deviation, a tactical retreat’.

Question 26

What did Lenin compare the NEP to ?

Answer 26

to the Treaty of Brest-litvosk, a measure only to keep the party in power

Question 27

When did Lenin introduce a ‘ban on factions’ ?

Answer 27

in 1921 at the 10th Party Congress

Question 28

What did the introduction of the ban on factions set in 1921 at the 10th Party Congress mean?

Answer 28

this meant that senior party figures could discuss policy but once the Central Committee had agreed on a policy every Party member had to obey the decision

Question 29

What was an repercussion of disagreeing with policy which was a form of ‘faction’?

Answer 29

You would be expelled from the Party

Question 30

How did lenin make sure that there was no relation of political control ?

Answer 30

He banned the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries

Question 31

In what year were several thousands of Mensheviks arrested?

Answer 31

1921

Question 32

What was a show trial which some Social Revolutionaries were given?

Answer 32

a propagandist trial held in public to influence popular opinion rather then securing justice for the accused

Question 33

How many SR’s were executed after she trials ?

Answer 33

11

Question 34

What was the Cheka renamed in 1922?

Answer 34

GPU

Question 35

In 1922 what powers did the Cheka have?

Answer 35

had the power to arrest people at will for any reason and carry out the death penalty

Question 36

Why was the death penalty often used by the GPU (Cheka) ?

Answer 36

Used on the accused to persuade people that the regime were determined to suppress any capitalist tendencies

Question 37

When was it made clear that criticism of the government was not tolerated?

Answer 37

1922

Question 38

Who were deported to other parts of the country by the government?

Answer 38

Many writers and intellectuals no matter how prominent

Question 39

What did all writings have to be approved by before publication?

Answer 39

the GLAVIT

Question 40

What was the Union of the Militant Godless?

Answer 40

a group that challenged the existence of God through anti-religion propaganda

Question 41

When was the Union of the Militant Godless set up?

Answer 41

in 1921

Question 42

When were churches stripped of valuable possessions and priests imprisoned or executed?

Answer 42

1922

Question 43

When was the nomenklatura introduced?

Answer 43

1923

Question 44

What was the nomenklatura?

Answer 44

a system where influential posts in government and industry were filled by Party appointees

Question 45

What happened in 1923 after the nomenklatura was introduced?

Answer 45

a list of over 5,000 Party and government posts were drawn up

Question 46

Who nominated the government and industry posts under the nomenklatura introduced in 1923?

Answer 46

only Central Party bodies could from a list of Party members

Question 47

How did the system of nomenklatura (1923) increase party loyalty ?

Answer 47

Anyone who wanted to progress in the Party or government had to be seen to be loyal and not challenge official party policy