CHAPTER 11 The Great Turn

Question 1

What was the great compromise of 1921?

Answer 1

to swerve the economy from war communism to the return of free markets and private economic activity of the NEP

Question 2

When was the NEP abandoned for the ‘Great Turn’?

Answer 2

between 1928-1929

Question 3

What change did the Great Turn mark?

Answer 3

the change from Leninism to Stalinism

Question 4

When had industrialisation last been used in Russia?

Answer 4

In tsarist Russia before 1917

Question 5

To what extent had the industry recover by 1921?

Answer 5

to a degree at a slow pace

Question 6

What were the 2 central planning organisations which had worked to try and recover industry ?

Answer 6

Gosplan

Veshenka

Question 7

What 3 factors weakened production?

Answer 7

• strikes
• managerial inefficiency
• low levels of mechanisation

Question 8

Who did officials blame for weakened production?

Answer 8

Nepmen (private traders)

Question 9

Why did officials blame Nepmen (private traders) for weakened production?

Answer 9

as they obstructed central planners

Question 10

Why did factory managers blame government officials?

Answer 10

for interfering and demanding unrealistic low prices

Question 11

What 2 things were problems of industrialisation linked to?

Answer 11

• agriculture

- collectivisation

Question 12

Why did the regime want surplus grain?

Answer 12

to help pay for industrial investment and machinery

Question 13

Who were Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes?

Answer 13

voluntary collectives and state farms

Question 14

By 1928 was % of the peasant population was working with collective farms?

Answer 14

less than 5%

Question 15

Briefly what were the 5 key factors which pushed the regime towards a shift in policy?

Answer 15

• weakness in industrial management
• slow process
• Winter grain crisis of 1927
• party ideology to move towards -true socialism’
• Stalin became more radical

Question 16

What harsh economic conditions faced both the peasantry and urban workers?

Answer 16

• shortages
• unemployment
• lo living standards

Question 17

Why in 1927 was the NEP becoming unpopular to many leading communists in the party?

Answer 17

the NEP was failing to produce the growth that many leading communists had expected

Question 18

What did leading communists in the party want that the NEP due to its failure to produce growth couldn’t do? (2)

Answer 18

• Increase USSR’s military strength

- develop self sufficiency to become less reliant on foreign imports

Question 19

After the huge crisis in grain procurement in the winter of 1927-1928 what % was the amount of grain purchased by the government down by from the proviso year?

Answer 19

down by 25%

Question 20

What did Party officials send a stream of complaints to Moscow about?

Answer 20

blaming the peasants for hoarding grain while they hoped for higher official prices

Question 21

Why was the move to ‘true socialism’ bad for the peasantry?

Answer 21

as this demanded state control over production having no dependance on the peasantry for good grain harvests

Question 22

In 1925 what was the Fourteenth Party Congress called?

Answer 22

the “industrialisation congress”

Question 23

When was the announcement for the end of the NEP and the beginning of the first 5 year plan know as the “great turn”?

Answer 23

December 1927 at the Fifteenth Party Congress

Question 24

What did the Great Turn 1928-1929 begin?

Answer 24

it began an economic and social revolution

Question 25

In what years were there a clash of opinions between Stalin and Bukharin?

Answer 25

1928-1929