CHAPTER 11 The Great Turn Flashcards
What was the great compromise of 1921?
to swerve the economy from war communism to the return of free markets and private economic activity of the NEP
When was the NEP abandoned for the ‘Great Turn’?
between 1928-1929
What change did the Great Turn mark?
the change from Leninism to Stalinism
When had industrialisation last been used in Russia?
In tsarist Russia before 1917
To what extent had the industry recover by 1921?
to a degree at a slow pace
What were the 2 central planning organisations which had worked to try and recover industry ?
Gosplan
Veshenka
What 3 factors weakened production?
- strikes
- managerial inefficiency
- low levels of mechanisation
Who did officials blame for weakened production?
Nepmen (private traders)
Why did officials blame Nepmen (private traders) for weakened production?
as they obstructed central planners
Why did factory managers blame government officials?
for interfering and demanding unrealistic low prices
What 2 things were problems of industrialisation linked to?
- agriculture
- collectivisation
Why did the regime want surplus grain?
to help pay for industrial investment and machinery
Who were Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes?
voluntary collectives and state farms
By 1928 was % of the peasant population was working with collective farms?
less than 5%
Briefly what were the 5 key factors which pushed the regime towards a shift in policy?
- weakness in industrial management
- slow process
- Winter grain crisis of 1927
- party ideology to move towards -true socialism’
- Stalin became more radical
What harsh economic conditions faced both the peasantry and urban workers?
- shortages
- unemployment
- lo living standards
Why in 1927 was the NEP becoming unpopular to many leading communists in the party?
the NEP was failing to produce the growth that many leading communists had expected
What did leading communists in the party want that the NEP due to its failure to produce growth couldn’t do? (2)
- Increase USSR’s military strength
- develop self sufficiency to become less reliant on foreign imports
After the huge crisis in grain procurement in the winter of 1927-1928 what % was the amount of grain purchased by the government down by from the proviso year?
down by 25%
What did Party officials send a stream of complaints to Moscow about?
blaming the peasants for hoarding grain while they hoped for higher official prices
Why was the move to ‘true socialism’ bad for the peasantry?
as this demanded state control over production having no dependance on the peasantry for good grain harvests
In 1925 what was the Fourteenth Party Congress called?
the “industrialisation congress”
When was the announcement for the end of the NEP and the beginning of the first 5 year plan know as the “great turn”?
December 1927 at the Fifteenth Party Congress
What did the Great Turn 1928-1929 begin?
it began an economic and social revolution
In what years were there a clash of opinions between Stalin and Bukharin?
1928-1929
