Chapter 7 Apes Flashcards
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environments
Biological rhythm
periodic psychological fluctuation
Circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (temperature + wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
R.E.M. Sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. AKA paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
Alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness– as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, this occurs during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling sleep, and are seldom remembered.
Dreams
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of content and later difficulties remembering it.
Freud’s wish fulfillment
Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” – expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content– a hidden meaning.
Manifest content
according to Frued, the remembering story line of a dream (as distinct form its latent, or hidden, content.
Patent content
according to Frued, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Frued believed that a dream’s this functions as a safety valve.
Information processing
Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
Physiological function
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.
Activation synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brains weave into stories.
Cognitive development
dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development– their knowledge and understanding.
R.E.M. Rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Anton Mesmer
founder of modern hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Social influence theory
change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general. Three areas of social influence are conformity, compliance and obedience.
Ernest hilgard
an American psychologist and professor at Stanford University famous in the 1950s for his research on hypnosis, especially with regard to pain control
Dissociation (divided consciousness theory)
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Theodore barber
a psychologist who became a leading critic of hypnosis after his scientific studies concluded that the power of suggestion often worked nearly as well
Age regression
a process in which the patient moves their focus to memories of an earlier stage of life in order to explore these memories or to get in touch with some difficult-to-access aspects of their personality
Psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
Withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug, marked by an unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinues.
Psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
compulsive drug craving and use.
Depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body function
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of central nervous system, reducing anxiety by impairing memory and judgement
Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Stimulants
drugs (caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body function.
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Methamphetamines
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels .
Ecstasy (MDMA)
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Near death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
Dualism
presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
presumption that mind and body are two different aspects of the same thing.
Non R.E.M. Sleep
Stages 1-4
