Chapter 7 Apes

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environments

Question 2

Biological rhythm

Answer 2

periodic psychological fluctuation

Question 3

Circadian rhythm

Answer 3

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (temperature + wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

Question 4

R.E.M. Sleep

Answer 4

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. AKA paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Question 5

Alpha waves

Answer 5

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Question 6

Sleep

Answer 6

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness– as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Question 7

Hallucinations

Answer 7

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Question 8

Delta waves

Answer 8

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 9

Insomnia

Answer 9

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 10

Narcolepsy

Answer 10

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Question 11

Sleep apnea

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 12

Night terrors

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, this occurs during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling sleep, and are seldom remembered.

Question 13

Dreams

Answer 13

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of content and later difficulties remembering it.

Question 14

Freud’s wish fulfillment

Answer 14

Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” – expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content– a hidden meaning.

Question 15

Manifest content

Answer 15

according to Frued, the remembering story line of a dream (as distinct form its latent, or hidden, content.

Question 16

Patent content

Answer 16

according to Frued, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Frued believed that a dream’s this functions as a safety valve.

Question 17

Information processing

Answer 17

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

Question 18

Physiological function

Answer 18

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.

Question 19

Activation synthesis

Answer 19

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brains weave into stories.

Question 20

Cognitive development

Answer 20

dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development– their knowledge and understanding.

Question 21

R.E.M. Rebound

Answer 21

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Question 22

Hypnosis

Answer 22

a social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Question 23

Anton Mesmer

Answer 23

founder of modern hypnosis

Question 24

Posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 24

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Question 25

Social influence theory

Answer 25

change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general. Three areas of social influence are conformity, compliance and obedience.

Question 26

Ernest hilgard

Answer 26

an American psychologist and professor at Stanford University famous in the 1950s for his research on hypnosis, especially with regard to pain control

Question 27

Dissociation (divided consciousness theory)

Answer 27

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Question 28

Theodore barber

Answer 28

a psychologist who became a leading critic of hypnosis after his scientific studies concluded that the power of suggestion often worked nearly as well

Question 29

Age regression

Answer 29

a process in which the patient moves their focus to memories of an earlier stage of life in order to explore these memories or to get in touch with some difficult-to-access aspects of their personality

Question 30

Psychoactive drug

Answer 30

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Question 31

Tolerance

Answer 31

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Question 32

Withdrawal

Answer 32

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Question 33

Physical dependence

Answer 33

a physiological need for a drug, marked by an unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinues.

Question 34

Psychological dependence

Answer 34

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Question 35

Addiction

Answer 35

compulsive drug craving and use.

Question 36

Depressants

Answer 36

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body function

Question 37

Barbiturates

Answer 37

drugs that depress the activity of central nervous system, reducing anxiety by impairing memory and judgement

Question 38

Opiates

Answer 38

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Question 39

Stimulants

Answer 39

drugs (caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body function.

Question 40

Amphetamines

Answer 40

drugs that stimulate neural activity causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 41

Methamphetamines

Answer 41

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels .

Question 42

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 42

synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Question 43

Hallucinogens

Answer 43

psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 44

LSD

Answer 44

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

Question 45

THC

Answer 45

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Question 46

Near death experience

Answer 46

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

Question 47

Dualism

Answer 47

presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Question 48

Monism

Answer 48

presumption that mind and body are two different aspects of the same thing.

Question 49

Non R.E.M. Sleep

Answer 49

Stages 1-4