Chapter 4 Second Half me so tired Flashcards
Critical period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period in very early life
Basic trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Self-concept
(1) Sense of one’s identity and self-worth. (2) All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the questions who am I?
Authoritarian parents
Impose rules and expect obedience
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Permissive parents
Parents submit to children’s demands
Authoritative parents
Parents are demanding but responsive to their children, correlates with social competence
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Primary sex traits
The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Secondary sex traits
the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes
Lawrence kohlberg
sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development
Preconventional morality
Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
Conventional morality
By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake
Post conventional morality
Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles
Menarche
First menstrual period
Erik Erickson
Developmental psychological theorist Erik Erikson contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution
Identity
One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Intimacy
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Menopause
The period of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Alzheimer’s disease
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
Cross section study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Longitudinal study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period (suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age)
Crystallized Intelligence
One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid intelligence
One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Social clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
