Chapter 4 Second Half me so tired

Question 1

Critical period

Answer 1

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 2

Imprinting

Answer 2

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period in very early life

Question 3

Basic trust

Answer 3

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Question 4

Self-concept

Answer 4

(1) Sense of one’s identity and self-worth. (2) All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the questions who am I?

Question 5

Authoritarian parents

Answer 5

Impose rules and expect obedience

Question 6

Adolescence

Answer 6

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 7

Permissive parents

Answer 7

Parents submit to children’s demands

Question 8

Authoritative parents

Answer 8

Parents are demanding but responsive to their children, correlates with social competence

Question 9

Puberty

Answer 9

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Question 10

Primary sex traits

Answer 10

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Question 11

Secondary sex traits

Answer 11

the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes

Question 12

Lawrence kohlberg

Answer 12

sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development

Question 13

Preconventional morality

Answer 13

Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

Question 14

Conventional morality

Answer 14

By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake

Question 15

Post conventional morality

Answer 15

Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles

Question 16

Menarche

Answer 16

First menstrual period

Question 17

Erik Erickson

Answer 17

Developmental psychological theorist Erik Erikson contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution

Question 18

Identity

Answer 18

One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Question 19

Intimacy

Answer 19

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Question 20

Menopause

Answer 20

The period of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Question 21

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 21

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Question 22

Cross section study

Answer 22

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Question 23

Longitudinal study

Answer 23

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period (suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age)

Question 24

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 24

One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 25

Fluid intelligence

Answer 25

One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 26

Social clock

Answer 26

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement