Chapter 10 NOT ICE COLD

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Key- piano, car, fob

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

A mental image or best example to a category; matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for categorization

Robin is prototype of bird

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A methodical, logical role or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Each letter in each position, 907,200 options

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Exclude unlikely letter combinations, reduce # of options, trial and error, supermarket

Question 6

Insight

Answer 6

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

We seek information that verifies our ideas rather than ones that refute

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Matches and candle problem

Question 9

Mental set

Answer 9

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

OTTF???
Sometimes our past experiences help us solve problems but sometimes it stands in the way, connect dots

Question 10

Functional fixedness

Answer 10

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Question 11

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; leads one to ignore other relevant information

Classic poetry teacher or truck driver

Question 12

Availability heuristic

Answer 12

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, it is presumed such events are common

Parents afraid of traveling because recent attacks in place

Question 13

Overconfidence

Answer 13

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

I’ll have time to study after the game

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

The way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgements

10% will die vs 90% will live

Question 15

Belief bias

Answer 15

The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

Seeing gifts and still thinking Santa will come

Question 16

Belief perseverance

Answer 16

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

If country is seen as hostile, more likely to view ambiguous actions as hostile

Question 17

Language

Answer 17

Spoken, written, or signed words and the way they are combined to communicate meaning

Question 18

Phenome

Answer 18

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Chat–Ch A T (3 phonemes)

Question 19

Morpheme

Answer 19

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word, prefix, or suffix

Unforgettable–un for get table

Question 20

Grammar

Answer 20

In a language, a set of rules that enables communication and understanding with others

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

The set of rules by which meanings are derived from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning

Tell us that adding ed makes it past

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Adjectives come before nouns, Spanish it’s after

Question 23

Babbling stage

Answer 23

At four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 24

One-word stage

Answer 24

The stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words and makes others understand

Question 25

Two-word stage

Answer 25

At age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Telegraphic speech

Question 26

Telegraphic speech

Answer 26

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

Two word stage

Question 27

Noam chomsky

Answer 27

Believes language is somewhat innate, that language will naturally occur, given adequate nurture

Question 28

Linguistic determination

Answer 28

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think