8 Second Half Wtf

Question 1

Successive approximation

Answer 1

Differential reinforcement: acting in a way that gets closer to the desired behavior

Question 2

Positive reinforcement

Answer 2

increasing a behavior by representing a positive stimulus

Question 3

Negative reinforcement

Answer 3

increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus

Question 4

Primary reinforcers

Answer 4

one that satisfies a biological need

Question 5

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

Answer 5

one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement

Question 6

Positive punishment

Answer 6

adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 7

Negative punishment

Answer 7

withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 8

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 8

every time the desired behavior occurs, it is reinforced (learned quickly-extinguished quickly)

Question 9

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 9

reinforcement occurs intermittently (learning takes longer but results are more persistent and stable)

Question 10

Fixed-ratio schedules

Answer 10

specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement occurs

Question 11

Variable-ratio schedules

Answer 11

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of correct responses

Question 12

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 12

reinforcement occurs only after a specific amount of time has elapsed

Question 13

Variable-interval schedules

Answer 13

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time elapses

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

Question 15

Latent Learning

Answer 15

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

Question 16

Cognitive map

Answer 16

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

ex.) rats exploring the maze able to make mental map

Question 17

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 17

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 18

Extrinsic

Answer 18

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

learning by observing others and imitating, watching others do stuff, higher animals

Question 20

Modeling

Answer 20

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 21

Mirror neurons

Answer 21

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
(the brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation language, learning & empathy)

Question 22

Prosocial behavior

Answer 22

positive, constructive, helpful behavior (opposite of antisocial behavior)

Question 23

Albert bandura

Answer 23

Bobo doll, children learn through initiating others who receive rewards and punishments