8 Second Half Wtf Flashcards
Successive approximation
Differential reinforcement: acting in a way that gets closer to the desired behavior
Positive reinforcement
increasing a behavior by representing a positive stimulus
Negative reinforcement
increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus
Primary reinforcers
one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement
Positive punishment
adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Negative punishment
withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Continuous reinforcement
every time the desired behavior occurs, it is reinforced (learned quickly-extinguished quickly)
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcement occurs intermittently (learning takes longer but results are more persistent and stable)
Fixed-ratio schedules
specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement occurs
Variable-ratio schedules
reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of correct responses
Fixed-interval schedule
reinforcement occurs only after a specific amount of time has elapsed
Variable-interval schedules
reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time elapses
Punishment
an event that decreases the behavior it follows
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of ones environment
ex.) rats exploring the maze able to make mental map
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Extrinsic
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Observational learning
learning by observing others and imitating, watching others do stuff, higher animals
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
(the brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation language, learning & empathy)
Prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior (opposite of antisocial behavior)
Albert bandura
Bobo doll, children learn through initiating others who receive rewards and punishments
