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AP Biology > Chapter 30: How Animals Move > Flashcards

Chapter 30: How Animals Move Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Movement

A

All living things are able to do this and a major characteristic of life
- most complex in animals

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors that movement is based on?

A

1) Habitat
2) Complexity
3) Needs

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3
Q

Locomotion

A

Moving body from one place to another

- requires energy to overcome gravity and friction

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4
Q

What are the advantage/disadvantage of movement by land?

A

Advantage: Less friction/resistance
Disadvantage: Air gives little support to body –> powerful muscles/strong skeletal support

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5
Q

What are the advantage/disadvantage of movement by water?

A

Advantage: gravity is not an issue b/c weight is supported by buoyancy
Disadvantage: Lots of friction –> sleek streamline shape, use jet propulsion, specialized legs

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6
Q

What are the advantage/disadvantage of movement by air?

A

Same as land! But there are wings involved with air foils.

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7
Q

How do air foils in wings work?

A

The shape of the wing/air foil will alter the air currents to create lift, thus overcoming the downward pull of gravity.
- The pressure will be higher under the wing.

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8
Q

What are the 2 contractile systems that is in every form of cell movement?

A

1) Microfilaments

2) Microtubules

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9
Q

What is the function of the skeleton?

A
  • Support + framework
  • protection
  • aid in movement
  • maintain shape
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of skeleton?

A

1) Hydrostatic
2) Exoskeleton
3) Endoskeleton

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11
Q

Hydrostatic (Skeleton)

A

Fluid is held under pressure in a closed body compartment.

  • protects other body parts (cushioning from shock)
  • gives body shape and provides support for muscle action
  • ex. earthworms, cnidarians, jellies
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12
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Rigid, non living external skeleton

  • great protection and support
  • limited movement due to molting, making it vulnerable
  • ex. arthropods, mollusks
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13
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Hard skeleton located w/in soft tissues

  • offers movement, flexibility, growth
  • limited protection
  • ex. sponges, echinoderms, vertebrates
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14
Q

What are bones mainly comprised of?

A

Calcium w/ phosphate or carbonate

- gives bones frigidity and strength

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15
Q

What are the two hormones that regulate the exchange of materials in the bone?

A

Calcitonin and parathymon

- growth hormone + sex hormones for bone growth

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16
Q

Joint

A

Region b/w 2+ bones that provides for flexibility and versatility of bones
- synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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17
Q

Synarthroses (joints)

A

Immovable joins

- ex. plates of cranium

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18
Q

Amphiarthroses (joints)

A

Slightly moveable joints

- ex. vertebrae of spine

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19
Q

Diarthroses (joints)

A

Freely moveable joints

- ex. hinges (elbows/knees), balls and sockets (shoulders/hips), pivot (wrist/ankle)

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20
Q

Arthritis

A

“Joint swelling” w/ inflammation that causes stiffness and soreness

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21
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones that get thinner, more porous

- hormonal changes due to eating

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22
Q

How many bones are there in the average human body?

A

206 bones

  • 100+ in the hand/feet alone
  • 18% of body weight
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23
Q

What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?

A

1) Axial Skeleton

2) Trunk Skeleton

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24
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Components of the skeletal system that supports the central trunk of the body

  • Skull (cranium, facial bones, ossicles, mandible)
  • Trunk (vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
  • Sternum
  • Costae (true ribs/false ribs)
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25
Q

Skull

A

Boney framework of head

  • teaches of evolution
  • teeth can show age and roof of mouth for if its ape or man like
  • apart of the axial skeleton
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26
Q

What bones are included in the skull of the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, facial, ossicles, mandible

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27
Q

What bones are included in the trunk of the axial skeleton?

A
  • Vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx)
  • sternum
  • costae (true ribs/fasle ribs)
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28
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Spine made of 26 bones

- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

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29
Q

Cervical

A

7 bones that make up the neck area

- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton

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30
Q

Thoracic

A

12 bones that pass thru the chest and are the only vertebrae with ribs
- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton

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31
Q

Lumbar

A

Largest vertebrae, 5 lower bones of the back

- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton

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32
Q

Sacral

A

5 bones as a child that becomes one bone as an adult

- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton

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33
Q

Coccyx

A

Tailbone

- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton

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34
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone that supports ribs

- xiphoid process = tip sharp of sternum

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35
Q

Costae

A

24 ribs (12 pairs) that protect heart, lungs, kidney, etc.

  • true ribs = attached to sternum
  • false ribs = floating ribs
36
Q

Apendicular Skeleton

A

Components of the skeletal system that supports the fins of a fish or the arms/legs of a land vertebrate
- Upper Division and Lower Division

37
Q

What are the bones in the upper division of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Pectoral Girdle (clavicle, scapula)
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
38
Q

What are the bones in the lower division of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Calcaneous
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
39
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

2 collar bones

- clavicle and scapula

40
Q

Clavicle

A

2 most commonly broken bones

41
Q

Scapula

A

The bone that supports the upper body

42
Q

Humerus

A

Large bone of the upper arm

43
Q

Radius

A

Bone of the lower arm that matches up with the thumb

44
Q

Ulna

A

Bone of the lower arm that matches up with the pinky

45
Q

Carpals

A

8 cube shaped bones in the hand that allow for flexibility

46
Q

Metacarpals

A

5 bones that make up the palm of the hand

47
Q

Phalanges

A

14 bones in the hand

48
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Hip bones that show gender (broader for women)

- ilium (side), ischium (lower), pubis (front)

49
Q

Femur

A

Largest bone that is the strongest aka the thigh bone

- produces the most bone marrow

50
Q

Patella

A

Bone that protects the knee joint

51
Q

Tibia

A

Shin that is the larger lower leg bone

52
Q

Fibula

A

Small, non weight bearing bone

53
Q

Calcaneous

A

Heel bone

54
Q

Tarsals

A

7 ankle bones

55
Q

Metatarsals

A

5 foot bones

56
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joints

A

Where the humerus joins to the shoulder girdle and in the hip where the femur joins to the pelvic girdle
- enables use to rotate arms/legs

57
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Joint b/w the humerus and the head of the ulna permits movement in a single plane for the elbow/knee

58
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Joint that enables us to rotate the forearm at the elbow

59
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Contained in the central cavity that is mostly stored fat brought into the bone by blood

60
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Specialized tissue that produces our blood cells

61
Q

Tendons

A

Fibrous connective tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

62
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Striated muscle attached to the skeleton. The contraction of striated muscles provides voluntary movements of the body.

63
Q

Myofibrils

A

Threadlike strands in each muscle fiber made of protein filaments (actin and myosin)

64
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Basic unit fo muscle contraction

  • composed of actin and myosin
  • region of one Z like to the next
65
Q

Thin filament

A

A double strand of the protein actin and one stand of a regulatory protein, coiled around each other

66
Q

Thick filament

A

Number of parallel strands of the protein myosin

67
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

Muscle contraction is the shortening/lengthening of sarcomere

  • cell stimulated so cross bridges connect and myosin heads curl in
  • requires a lot of ATP –> many mitochondria
  • sarcomere contracts when its thin filaments slide against its thick filaments
68
Q

Motor Units

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

69
Q

Neuromuscular Junctions

A

A synapse b/w an axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

70
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal (striated)
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac

71
Q

Skeletal (Striated)

A

Attached to bones

  • rapid contraction (voluntary control)
  • fatigue quickly
  • block like cells w/ thick/think filaments
72
Q

Smooth

A

Hollow organs, blood vessels (arteries), tubes + pathways

  • slow contraction, involuntary
  • fatigue slowly
  • long slender rods, tapered at both ends
73
Q

Cardiac

A

Found in the heart

  • rhythmic contractions, involuntary (never rests)
  • looks like skeletal, acts like smooth, branched
74
Q

What are the muscles in the head?

A 
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis orsis
Buccinator
Masseter
Temporal
Tongue
75
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Circular muscles around eyes

76
Q

Orbicularis orsis

A

Circular muscles around mouth

77
Q

Buccinator

A

Fleshy part of cheek, puff & blow

78
Q

Masseter

A

Follows the lien of jaw

- helps with speech and chewing

79
Q

Temporal

A

At the right angle of the head

- helps with speech and chewing

80
Q

Tongue

A

Most muscular and moveable

81
Q

What are the muscles of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

82
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Muscles along the sides of the neck

83
Q

Trapezius

A

Muscle along the back of the neck (Also back muscle)

84
Q

What are the muscles of the upper extremities?

A 
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Pectorals major
Serratus anterior
Deltoid
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Flexor + Extensor digitorum
85
Q

What are the muscles of the trunk?

A

Diaphragm
Intercostals
Abdominal wall (internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominus)
Perineum

86
Q

Lower Extremities

A 
Gluteus maximus
Adductors
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Flexor + Extensor Digitorum

AP Biology (32 decks)

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