Chapter 30: How Animals Move Flashcards
Movement
All living things are able to do this and a major characteristic of life
- most complex in animals
What are the 3 factors that movement is based on?
1) Habitat
2) Complexity
3) Needs
Locomotion
Moving body from one place to another
- requires energy to overcome gravity and friction
What are the advantage/disadvantage of movement by land?
Advantage: Less friction/resistance
Disadvantage: Air gives little support to body –> powerful muscles/strong skeletal support
What are the advantage/disadvantage of movement by water?
Advantage: gravity is not an issue b/c weight is supported by buoyancy
Disadvantage: Lots of friction –> sleek streamline shape, use jet propulsion, specialized legs
What are the advantage/disadvantage of movement by air?
Same as land! But there are wings involved with air foils.
How do air foils in wings work?
The shape of the wing/air foil will alter the air currents to create lift, thus overcoming the downward pull of gravity.
- The pressure will be higher under the wing.
What are the 2 contractile systems that is in every form of cell movement?
1) Microfilaments
2) Microtubules
What is the function of the skeleton?
- Support + framework
- protection
- aid in movement
- maintain shape
What are the 3 types of skeleton?
1) Hydrostatic
2) Exoskeleton
3) Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic (Skeleton)
Fluid is held under pressure in a closed body compartment.
- protects other body parts (cushioning from shock)
- gives body shape and provides support for muscle action
- ex. earthworms, cnidarians, jellies
Exoskeleton
Rigid, non living external skeleton
- great protection and support
- limited movement due to molting, making it vulnerable
- ex. arthropods, mollusks
Endoskeleton
Hard skeleton located w/in soft tissues
- offers movement, flexibility, growth
- limited protection
- ex. sponges, echinoderms, vertebrates
What are bones mainly comprised of?
Calcium w/ phosphate or carbonate
- gives bones frigidity and strength
What are the two hormones that regulate the exchange of materials in the bone?
Calcitonin and parathymon
- growth hormone + sex hormones for bone growth
Joint
Region b/w 2+ bones that provides for flexibility and versatility of bones
- synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
Synarthroses (joints)
Immovable joins
- ex. plates of cranium
Amphiarthroses (joints)
Slightly moveable joints
- ex. vertebrae of spine
Diarthroses (joints)
Freely moveable joints
- ex. hinges (elbows/knees), balls and sockets (shoulders/hips), pivot (wrist/ankle)
Arthritis
“Joint swelling” w/ inflammation that causes stiffness and soreness
Osteoporosis
Bones that get thinner, more porous
- hormonal changes due to eating
How many bones are there in the average human body?
206 bones
- 100+ in the hand/feet alone
- 18% of body weight
What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?
1) Axial Skeleton
2) Trunk Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Components of the skeletal system that supports the central trunk of the body
- Skull (cranium, facial bones, ossicles, mandible)
- Trunk (vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
- Sternum
- Costae (true ribs/false ribs)
Skull
Boney framework of head
- teaches of evolution
- teeth can show age and roof of mouth for if its ape or man like
- apart of the axial skeleton
What bones are included in the skull of the axial skeleton?
Cranium, facial, ossicles, mandible
What bones are included in the trunk of the axial skeleton?
- Vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx)
- sternum
- costae (true ribs/fasle ribs)
Vertebral Column
Spine made of 26 bones
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
Cervical
7 bones that make up the neck area
- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton
Thoracic
12 bones that pass thru the chest and are the only vertebrae with ribs
- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton
Lumbar
Largest vertebrae, 5 lower bones of the back
- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton
Sacral
5 bones as a child that becomes one bone as an adult
- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton
Coccyx
Tailbone
- apart of the vertebral column of the trunk section of the axial skeleton
Sternum
Breast bone that supports ribs
- xiphoid process = tip sharp of sternum
Costae
24 ribs (12 pairs) that protect heart, lungs, kidney, etc.
- true ribs = attached to sternum
- false ribs = floating ribs
Apendicular Skeleton
Components of the skeletal system that supports the fins of a fish or the arms/legs of a land vertebrate
- Upper Division and Lower Division
What are the bones in the upper division of the appendicular skeleton?
- Pectoral Girdle (clavicle, scapula)
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
What are the bones in the lower division of the appendicular skeleton?
- Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Calcaneous
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Pectoral Girdle
2 collar bones
- clavicle and scapula
Clavicle
2 most commonly broken bones
Scapula
The bone that supports the upper body
Humerus
Large bone of the upper arm
Radius
Bone of the lower arm that matches up with the thumb
Ulna
Bone of the lower arm that matches up with the pinky
Carpals
8 cube shaped bones in the hand that allow for flexibility
Metacarpals
5 bones that make up the palm of the hand
Phalanges
14 bones in the hand
Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones that show gender (broader for women)
- ilium (side), ischium (lower), pubis (front)
Femur
Largest bone that is the strongest aka the thigh bone
- produces the most bone marrow
Patella
Bone that protects the knee joint
Tibia
Shin that is the larger lower leg bone
Fibula
Small, non weight bearing bone
Calcaneous
Heel bone
Tarsals
7 ankle bones
Metatarsals
5 foot bones
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Where the humerus joins to the shoulder girdle and in the hip where the femur joins to the pelvic girdle
- enables use to rotate arms/legs
Hinge Joint
Joint b/w the humerus and the head of the ulna permits movement in a single plane for the elbow/knee
Pivot Joint
Joint that enables us to rotate the forearm at the elbow
Yellow Bone Marrow
Contained in the central cavity that is mostly stored fat brought into the bone by blood
Red Bone Marrow
Specialized tissue that produces our blood cells
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue connecting a muscle to a bone
Skeletal Muscle
Striated muscle attached to the skeleton. The contraction of striated muscles provides voluntary movements of the body.
Myofibrils
Threadlike strands in each muscle fiber made of protein filaments (actin and myosin)
Sarcomeres
Basic unit fo muscle contraction
- composed of actin and myosin
- region of one Z like to the next
Thin filament
A double strand of the protein actin and one stand of a regulatory protein, coiled around each other
Thick filament
Number of parallel strands of the protein myosin
Sliding Filament Model
Muscle contraction is the shortening/lengthening of sarcomere
- cell stimulated so cross bridges connect and myosin heads curl in
- requires a lot of ATP –> many mitochondria
- sarcomere contracts when its thin filaments slide against its thick filaments
Motor Units
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
Neuromuscular Junctions
A synapse b/w an axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1) Skeletal (striated)
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac
Skeletal (Striated)
Attached to bones
- rapid contraction (voluntary control)
- fatigue quickly
- block like cells w/ thick/think filaments
Smooth
Hollow organs, blood vessels (arteries), tubes + pathways
- slow contraction, involuntary
- fatigue slowly
- long slender rods, tapered at both ends
Cardiac
Found in the heart
- rhythmic contractions, involuntary (never rests)
- looks like skeletal, acts like smooth, branched
What are the muscles in the head?
Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis orsis Buccinator Masseter Temporal Tongue
Orbicularis oculi
Circular muscles around eyes
Orbicularis orsis
Circular muscles around mouth
Buccinator
Fleshy part of cheek, puff & blow
Masseter
Follows the lien of jaw
- helps with speech and chewing
Temporal
At the right angle of the head
- helps with speech and chewing
Tongue
Most muscular and moveable
What are the muscles of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles along the sides of the neck
Trapezius
Muscle along the back of the neck (Also back muscle)
What are the muscles of the upper extremities?
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Pectorals major Serratus anterior Deltoid Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Flexor + Extensor digitorum
What are the muscles of the trunk?
Diaphragm
Intercostals
Abdominal wall (internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominus)
Perineum
Lower Extremities
Gluteus maximus Adductors Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Flexor + Extensor Digitorum
